Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change
Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change
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腐败、机器政治和政治变革
DOI：
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发表时间：
1969
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
James C. Scott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
James C. Scott
西方对政治影响力的研究主要集中在利益集团影响立法内容的过程上，因此，输入过程占据了关注的中心。然而，采用这一观点的非洲和亚洲新国家的政治学生对组织需求的利益结构和制度化渠道的相对薄弱感到震惊，这些需求一旦组织起来，就可以通过这些渠道传达给决策者。在这些国家的立法制定过程中，有组织的利益集团之间的公开冲突往往是显而易见的。然而，由此得出结论，认为公众对政府的最终“产出”几乎没有影响，这是完全没有根据的。在立法的通过与其实际执行之间存在着一个完全不同的政治竞技场，尽管它是非正式的和特殊的，但对政策的执行有很大的影响。新国家中的许多政治利益表达被忽视了，因为习惯于自己政治的西方学者一直在错误的地方寻找。在发展中国家，很大一部分个人要求，甚至是团体要求，不是在法律通过之前，而是在执行阶段就进入政治体系。
The study of political influence in the West has for the most part focused on the process by which interest groups affect the content of legislation; hence, the input process has occupied the center of attention. Students of politics in the new states of Africa and Asia who have adopted this perspective, however, have been struck by the relative weakness both of interest structures to organize demands and of institutionalized channels through which such demands, once organized, might be communicated to decisionmakers. The open clash of organized interests is often conspicuously absent during the formulation of legislation in these nations. To conclude from this, however, that the public has little or no effect on the eventual “output” of government would be completely unwarranted. Between the passage of legislation and its actual implementation lies an entirely different political arena that, in spite of its informality and particularism, has a great effect on the execution of policy. Much of the expression of political interests in the new states has been disregarded because Western scholars, accustomed to their own politics, have been looking in the wrong place. A large portion of individual demands, and even group demands, in developing nations reach the political system, not before laws are passed, but rather at the enforcement stage.