Individual Transferable Quotas for Bycatches: Lessons for the Tuna–Dolphin Issue
Individual Transferable Quotas for Bycatches: Lessons for the Tuna–Dolphin Issue
复制标题
兼捕的个人可转让配额：金枪鱼-海豚问题的教训
DOI：
10.1002/9780813820262.ch13
复制
发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
R. Hannesson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Hannesson
Bycatch is a term used for catches of fish species that are not targeted. Bycatches occur because fish cannot be caught selectively, except perhaps at a cost. In the latter case, the problem becomes one of comparing the cost of disposing of bycatch once it occurs and the cost of avoiding it. There are different kinds of bycatches, or different reasons why a particular kind of fish (or other animal) is a bycatch. In fisheries for which more than one species of fish are caught indiscriminately (or selectively only at a cost), fishermen naturally direct their effort toward the type of fish that gives them the greatest revenue for their effort. In fisheries in which many valuable species are caught simultaneously, it can be a tricky question to define what is a bycatch and what is not; rare catches of highly valuable fish would not be unwelcome, but once fishermen are up against storage or on-board processing constraints it can make good economic sense to discard marketable fish to make space for more valuable fish. This is usually referred to as “highgrading” rather than bycatch. In this chapter I use the term “bycatch” for species of fish (and marine mammals) that are not desired and would therefore ordinarily be discarded. There are different reasons why capturing a certain type of fish would be undesirable. First, even marketable fish may not be desired because it would require too much effort to prepare or preserve them for the market. This is often the case for shrimp trawlers, which typically catch a variety of fish, in addition to shrimp, but are equipped only for handling and preserving shrimp. Second, certain groups of fishing boats are authorized to take certain kinds of fish but not others, even if the latter are marketable. Vessels trawling for Alaska pollock get some salmon and halibut in their trawls, but are prohibited from marketing them because these fish are reserved for other types of boats. In cases like this, bycatch is caused by regulations, which would seem to be the problem rather than the fish catches, but it could also be the case that the pollock trawlers are not equipped for handling these catches and so they are unwanted anyway. Third, there are fish (or marine mammals) that have no commercial value and are hence discarded. When discarding requires some effort, the bycatch is a nuisance that fishermen have some incentive to avoid if they can. This chapter deals with the last type of bycatch. It is inspired by the tuna–dolphin problem (Hedley 2001, Haraden et al. 2004), arising from
