Comparison of the accident process, radioactivity release and ground contamination between Chernobyl and Fukushima-1.
Comparison of the accident process, radioactivity release and ground contamination between Chernobyl and Fukushima-1.
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切尔诺贝利和福岛-1之间的事故过程，放射性释放和地面污染的比较。
DOI：
10.1093/jrr/rrv074
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Endo S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Imanaka T;Hayashi G;Endo S
在本报告中，我们回顾了切尔诺贝利事故（1986年）和福岛-1事故（2011年）中发生的事故过程和放射性释放的基本特征。切尔诺贝利核电站事故是由于裂变链式反应失控而导致的电力激增事故，反应堆和建筑物瞬间被摧毁，而福岛-1核电站事故是冷却剂丧失事故，其中三个机组的反应堆堆芯在失去电力供应后被衰变热熔化。虽然福岛-1号核电站释放的放射性惰性气体数量超过了切尔诺贝利核电站，但福岛-1号核电站周围受到137铯（137 Cs）严重污染的土地面积比切尔诺贝利核电站周围小10倍。事故过程的不同反映在排放放射性的成分以及地面污染的成分上。挥发性放射性核素（如132 Te-132 I、131 I、134 Cs和137 Cs）对福岛一号周围地面污染的伽马射线照射量有贡献，而切尔诺贝利周围有更多种类的放射性核素。当放射性沉积发生时，切尔诺贝利附近的辐射暴露率估计为770 μ戈伊·h-1，而福岛附近的辐射暴露率为100 μ戈伊·h-1。切尔诺贝利和福岛-1的30年累积照射估计值分别为970和570 mGy/1000 kBq m−2初始沉积。在这些暴露中，切尔诺贝利和福岛-1周围的放射性铯（134 Cs +137 Cs）分别占49%和98%。
In this report, we have reviewed the basic features of the accident processes and radioactivity releases that occurred in the Chernobyl accident (1986) and in the Fukushima-1 accident (2011). The Chernobyl accident was a power-surge accident that was caused by a failure of control of a fission chain reaction, which instantaneously destroyed the reactor and building, whereas the Fukushima-1 accident was a loss-of-coolant accident in which the reactor cores of three units were melted by decay heat after losing the electricity supply. Although the quantity of radioactive noble gases released from Fukushima-1 exceeded the amount released from Chernobyl, the size of land area severely contaminated by 137Cesium (137Cs) was 10 times smaller around Fukushima-1 compared with around Chernobyl. The differences in the accident process are reflected in the composition of the discharged radioactivity as well as in the composition of the ground contamination. Volatile radionuclides (such as 132Te-132I, 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs) contributed to the gamma-ray exposure from the ground contamination around Fukishima-1, whereas a greater variety of radionuclides contributed significantly around Chernobyl. When radioactivity deposition occurred, the radiation exposure rate near Chernobyl is estimated to have been 770 μGy h−1 per initial 137Cs deposition of 1000 kBq m−2, whereas it was 100 μGy h−1 around Fukushima-1. Estimates of the cumulative exposure for 30 years are 970 and 570 mGy per initial deposition of 1000 kBq m−2 for Chernobyl and Fukusima-1, respectively. Of these exposures, 49 and 98% were contributed by radiocesiums (134Cs + 137Cs) around Chernobyl and Fukushima-1, respectively.