Studies on Latin American Politics in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century: Democracy, Domestic Politics, and International Relations
Studies on Latin American Politics in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century: Democracy, Domestic Politics, and International Relations
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21世纪拉美政治研究：民主、国内政治与国际关系
DOI：
10.11375/kokusaiseiji.207_1
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
ロメロ ・イサミ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
松田 裕之;佐藤 哲;湯本 貴和;Sho HAGIO;ロメロ ・イサミ
本文是《国际关系》第三期拉丁美洲政治专刊的导言。继前两个序言之后，报告回顾了有关文献，阐述了关于该区域民主化发展及其国内和国际决定因素的论点。这有助于阐明这一问题所包括的文件的特点和新颖性。本世纪的20个拉丁美洲国家一直在经历民主的缓慢恶化。值得注意的是，并非所有国家都是如此：有些国家维持了负责任的民主政府，而另一些国家则陷入了完全的专制。对这种分歧最流行的解释是，松散的政党制度为激进左翼总统的崛起提供了空间，他将破坏政府机构之间的制衡，限制公民自由。然而，正如最近的文献所指出的那样，政党制度并不是民主命运的唯一决定因素。政治机构的宪法安排，如法律上赋予行政机构的权力，以及公众对政府的支持，也会鼓励或阻止总统的专制行为。目前尚不清楚这些因素中哪一个是最关键的，以及它们之间的关系如何。如上所述，强调本世纪拉丁美洲政治与上一世纪政治的差异有可能掩盖它们之间的连续性。对个别研究主题的关注而不是对中央政府整体民主化程度的关注，揭示了数百年来不变的政治特征（如地方威权主义的持续存在）以及它们之间的因果关系（如20世纪的治理改革作为下一个世纪技术驱动型政策制定的基础）.国际事务的新趋势如没有美国的区域组织（如南美国家联盟）的出现、中国经济影响力的不断增强、非政府活动的全球化等也对国内政治产生了一定的影响。必须指出，每一个国际因素在民主化进程中都发挥着复杂的作用。例如，全球化导致跨国犯罪组织的增长，这些组织可能会破坏公民自由，对公民安全造成毁灭性的损失，并激起政府的铁拳反应。然而，全球化也通过建立与受害者的跨国团结而增强了民间社会的力量。最后，在以政府间意识形态冲突为主要原因的美洲国际关系严重分裂的情况下，把推进民主主义作为对拉美外交政策之一的日本政府，有可能为该地区各国的民主化做出贡献。
This article serves as an introduction to the third special issue of International Relations on Latin American politics. Following the two previous prefaces, it reviews relevant literature to map out arguments about the development of democratization in the region and its domestic and international determinants. This helps to clarify the features and novelty of the papers included in this issue.The twenty Latin American countries of the present century have been experiencing a slow deterioration of democracy. It is noteworthy that this is not occurring in all the countries: some have maintained a responsible democratic government while others have fallen into full autocracy. The most popular explanation of this divergence is that an unconsolidated party system gives room for the rise of a radical left president, who would destroy the checks and balances among governmental bodies and limit civil liberties. However, as recent literature points out, a party system is not the only deciding factor of the fate of democracy. Constitutional arrangement of political institutions, such as de jure power given to the executive body, and public support to the government also encourages or discourages the autocratic behavior of a president. It is not still clear which of these factors is the most crucial and how they relate to each other.As mentioned above, emphasizing the difference between Latin American politics in this century and those in the previous one runs the risk of obscuring the continuity between them. The focus on individual research topics rather than the degree of democratization of the central government as a whole sheds light on unchanged political characteristics over the centuries (eg persistence of sub-national authoritarianism) and the cause-and-effect relationship between them (eg governance reform in the 20 th century as the foundation of technocrat-driven policy making in the next century).New trends in international affairs, such as the emergence of regional organizations without the United States of America (eg UNASUR), growing economic influence of China, and globalization of non-governmental activities also have some influence on domestic politics. It is important to note that each international factor plays a complex role in the democratization process. For example, globalization leads to growth of transnational crime organizations that are likely to undermine civil liberties by taking a devastating toll on civil security and provoking iron fist reactions from the government. However, globalization also empowers civil society by creating transnational solidarity with victims. Finally, amid the serious fragmentation of international relations in the Americas mainly caused by ideological conflicts among the governments, the Japanese government, which has made the promotion of democracy one of its foreign policies toward Latin America, has the potential to contribute to the democratization of the countries of the region.