Adaptive cognition and aging
Adaptive cognition and aging
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DOI：
10.1177/0002764296039003003
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发表时间：
1996-01-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Chen, YW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BlanchardFields, F;Chen, YW
许多研究成年期和老年认知变化的研究人员质疑，只关注随着年龄增长而衰退的机制是否有用。相反，它强调认知变化的多维性和多向性(PB Baltes，1987；Labouvie-Vef，1992；Rabash，Hoyer，&Roodin，1986)。从这个角度来看，认知能力在一生中既有得也有失。特别是，越来越多的研究将认知功能置于社会背景下，对成年和衰老过程中的认知变化进行研究。例如，与其他已知的表现为下降的认知机制相反，如外显记忆(Salhouse，1991)，研究表明，社交环境中认知的各个方面反映了能力的增强(即，获得)。这在日常问题解决、应对、道德推理、协作认知和智慧等社会认知领域最为明显(例如，PB Baltes&Smith，1990；Blanchard-Fields，Jahnke，&Camp，1995；Cornelius，1990；Labouvie-Vef，1992)。对成人社会认知的研究通常反映了一种语境框架，该框架将成人时期的认知变化领域置于适应功能的语境中。语境视角下的顺应性认知强调从个体的具体情景环境到个体生存和发展所处的更大的文化语境等多个层面上对语境的关注。因此，适应性认知的研究不能忽视社会文化背景对行为及其发展的多方面、多层次的影响(例如，Bronfenbrenner，1979；Dixon&Hertzog，出版社)。特别是，原则上，社会推理应该受到特定时期和特定文化的价值观、信仰和事件的严重影响。例如，由于1960年代的妇女运动和双职婚姻的增加，关于“婚姻是否应该先于事业”的观念发生了很大的变化。适应性认知的研究还需要从功能的角度出发，即探究社会认知功能对语境中实际行为的功能重要性。与其只专注于
Many researchers of cognitive change in adulthood and aging have questioned the utility of an exclusive focus on mechanisms that decline with age. Instead, there is an emphasis on the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of cognitive change (PB Baltes, 1987; Labouvie-Vief, 1992; Rybash, Hoyer, & Roodin, 1986). From this perspective, both gains and losses are observed in cognitive abilities across the life span. In particular, there is a growing body of research on cognitive changes in adulthood and aging that places cognitive functioning within a social context. For example, in contrast to other cognitive mechanisms known to show decline, such as explicit memory (Salthouse, 1991), research has demonstrated that aspects of cognition in social contexts reflect increasing competence (ie, gains). This is most evident in areas of social cognition such as everyday problem solving, coping, moral reasoning, collaborative cognition, and wisdom (eg, PB Baltes & Smith, 1990; Blanchard-Fields, Jahnke, & Camp, 1995; Cornelius, 1990; Labouvie-Vief, 1992). Research on adult social cognition typically reflects a contextual framework placing the domain ofcognitive change in adulthood within a contextofadaptive functioning. Adaptive cognition from a contextual perspective emphasizes the importance of paying explicit attention to context at multiple levels, from the specific situational environment of the individual to the larger cultural context in which the individual lives and develops. Thus research on adaptive cognition cannot ignore the multifaceted, multilayered aspects of the sociocultural context on behaviorandits development (eg, Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Dixon & Hertzog, in press). In particular, social reasoning should be, in principle, heavily influenced by period-specific and culture-specific values, beliefs, and events. For example, beliefs concerning “whether marriage should come before a career” have evolved considerably as a function of the women's movement of the 1960s and the increase in dual-career marriages. Research on adaptive cognition also requires one to consider a functional perspective-that is, to inquire about the functional importance of social cognitive functioning for actual behaviors in context. Instead of focusing solely on