An evolutionary based social rank explanation of why low income predicts mental distress: A 17 year cohort study of 30,000 people
An evolutionary based social rank explanation of why low income predicts mental distress: A 17 year cohort study of 30,000 people
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基于进化的社会等级解释为什么低收入预示着精神困扰：一项针对 30,000 人的 17 年队列研究
DOI：
10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.014
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Wood A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wood A
本文提出了一个新的心理模型，为什么低收入增加精神痛苦的风险。与进化的观点一致的障碍，收入被预测为与精神困扰，只有通过充当一个间接代理的社会rank. METHODS参与者是一个纵向队列样本的一部分，30,000人谁是英国人口的代表，谁每年完成的措施长达17年。通过一般健康问卷评估精神困扰，该问卷测量焦虑，抑郁和一般functioning. PatientsBoth收入和收入在该地区内的排名（以及其他比较组内的收入排名，如类似的个人）预测当前和未来的困扰。然而，当痛苦的收入和收入排名共同回归，只有收入排名仍然是一个显着的predictor. LIMITATIONS结果的措施是自我报告（虽然预测是客观的）。CONCLUSIONSSThe结果支持心理社会，而不是物质的解释，为什么收入与痛苦，并建议关注社会排名是通过这些影响发生的机制。这种机制与基于进化的“非自愿失败综合征”是一致的，其中对低社会地位的硬连线反应增加了障碍的风险，以及人们如何做出相对判断的抽样决策模型。与低社会地位（特别是失败和诱捕）相关的负面认知可能在预防和治疗计划中具有临床针对性，以减少社会经济心理健康差异。
BACKGROUNDThis paper presents a new psychological model of why low income increases risk of mental distress. Consistent with evolutionary perspectives on disorder, income was predicted to relate to mental distress only through acting as an indirect proxy for social rank.METHODSParticipants were part of a longitudinal cohort sample of 30,000 people who were representative of the British population and who completed measures annually for up to 17years. Mental distress was assessed via the General Health Questionnaire which measures anxiety, depression, and general functioning.RESULTSBoth income and the rank of the income within the region (and the rank of income within other comparison groups, such as similar individuals) predicted current and future distress. However, when distress was jointly regressed on income and income rank, only income rank remained a significant predictor.LIMITATIONSThe outcome measure was self-report (although the predictor was objective).CONCLUSIONSThe results support psychosocial rather than material explanations of why income relates to distress, and suggest that a concern for social rank is the mechanism through which these effects occur. This mechanism is consistent with an evolutionarily based “involuntary defeat syndrome” where hard wired responses to low social rank increase risk for disorder and the Decision by Sampling model of how people make relative judgments. Negative cognitions associated with low social rank (particularly defeat and entrapment) may be clinically targetable in both prevention and treatment programs to reduce socio-economic mental health disparities.