Human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters
Human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.013
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发表时间：
2015-09-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Gaze, William H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leonard, Anne F. C.;Zhang, Lihong;Gaze, William H.
由抗生素耐药菌（ARB）引起的感染与不良的健康结果有关，并被全球公认为严重的健康问题。关于ARB向人类的传播已经进行了大量研究。然而，自然环境在ARB和抗生素耐药基因传播中所起的作用尚不清楚。在自然水生环境中已检测到抗生素耐药细菌，水上运动期间摄入海水是许多人可能直接暴露的途径之一。目的是评估在英格兰和威尔士沿海表面沃茨中大肠杆菌对一类临床重要抗生素（第三代头孢菌素（3GC 5））的耐药性的流行情况。患病率数据用于量化3GC耐药大肠杆菌的摄入。线圈（3GCREC）的人参加水上运动在指定的沿海浴场沃茨。进一步的目的是使用该值来获得2012年娱乐使用沿海沃茨期间暴露于这些细菌的人群水平估计。使用基于培养的方法估计从沿海表面沃茨分离的线圈。结合E.大肠杆菌在指定的沿海海水沃茨报告沿着随着在文献报道的各种水上运动期间摄入的水的体积的估计，计算在不同的水上运动期间摄入的3GCREC的平均数。从沃茨中分离的大肠杆菌对3GCs具有抗性。该值用于估计2012年英格兰和威尔士发生的超过630万次水上运动导致摄入至少一种3GCREC。由于在地表沃茨中存在着大量的有毒物质，因此水使用者面临着可识别的人体接触风险，这种风险因所进行的水上运动类型而异。在大部分人口喜欢水上运动的地区，这种接触的相对重要性可能更大。2012年发生了数百万次水上运动，这可能导致人们吸毒。大肠杆菌对单一抗生素耐药（3GC 5）。然而，预计这将是一个显着低估的娱乐暴露于所有在海水中的ARE。这是第一个研究使用的水摄入量在不同的水上运动，以估计人类暴露于ARB。需要进一步开展工作，以阐明海洋和淡水沃茨中接触ARE的健康影响和临床相关性，以便充分了解对公众健康的风险。(C)2015爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are associated with poor health outcomes and are recognised globally as a serious health problem. Much research has been conducted on the transmission of ARB to humans. Yet the role the natural environment plays in the spread of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes is not well understood. Antibiotic resistant bacteria have been detected in natural aquatic environments, and ingestion of seawater during water sports is one route by which many people could be directly exposed. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of resistance to one clinically important class of antibiotics (thirdgeneration cephalosporins (3GC5)) amongst Escherichia coil in coastal surface waters in England and Wales. Prevalence data was used to quantify ingestion of 3GC-resistant E. coil (3GCREC) by people participating in water sports in designated coastal bathing waters. A further aim was to use this value to derive a populationlevel estimate of exposure to these bacteria during recreational use of coastal waters in 2012.The prevalence of 3GC-resistance amongst E. coil isolated from coastal surface waters was estimated using culture-based methods. This was combined with the density of E. coli reported in designated coastal bathing waters along with estimations of the volumes of water ingested during various water sports reported in the literature to calculate the mean number of 3GCREC ingested during different water sports.0.12% of E. coli isolated from surface waters were resistant to 3GCs. This value was used to estimate that in England and Wales over 6.3 million water sport sessions occurred in 2012 that resulted in the ingestion of at least one 3GCREC.Despite the low prevalence of resistance to 3GC5 amongst E. coil in surface waters, there is an identifiable human exposure risk for water users, which varies with the type of water sport undertaken. The relative importance of this exposure is likely to be greater in areas where a large proportion of the population enjoys water sports. Millions of water sport sessions occurred in 2012 that were likely to have resulted in people ingesting E. coli resistant to a single class of antibiotics (3GC5). However, this is expected to be a significant underestimate of recreational exposure to all ARE in seawater.This is the first study to use volumes of water ingested during different water sports to estimate human exposure to ARB. Further work needs to be done to elucidate the health implications and clinical relevance of exposure to ARE in both marine and fresh waters in order to fully understand the risk to public health. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.