Agronomic aspects of biodiversity targeted management of temperate grasslands in Europe - A review
Agronomic aspects of biodiversity targeted management of temperate grasslands in Europe - A review
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欧洲温带草原生物多样性针对性管理的农艺方面 - 综述
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
V. Pavlů
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Isselstein;B. Jeangros;V. Pavlů
维护和加强农业利用地区的生物多样性是全世界环境政策的高度优先事项。欧洲温带草原对农业景观的生物多样性做出了重要贡献。草原的物种和群落多样性是传统的粗放的草原管理与广泛的立地条件相互作用的结果。直到上个世纪的头几十年，草原场地几乎没有得到改善，农艺潜力普遍较低，这取决于土壤的肥力。后来，通过定期施肥、施石灰和人工排水湿地，草原的产量得到了显著提高。相应地，放牧率和采伐次数也相应增加。因此，生物多样性急剧减少，未经改良的物种丰富的沼泽地仅占草地总面积的很小比例。保护现存物种丰富的草原是自然保护的首要目标。延续传统的草原管理方式，最好地保护生物多样性，往往与集约化畜牧业生产的要求不符。因此，这片草原面临着被放弃农业用途的风险。需要确定和制定改进的管理措施，以便更好地将生物多样性和物种丰富的草原耕作的农学目标结合起来。此外，还要求向农民支付赔偿金，以支持物种丰富的牧场的牧草生产。除了未经改良的物种丰富的草原外，现在还有越来越多的面积正在减少的物种贫乏的草原，可以设法增加生物多样性。低放牧率放牧似乎有可能促进不同牧场的恢复，并支持放牧动物合理的个体表现。
Maintaining and enhancing the biodiversity of the agriculturally utilised area has a high priority in environmental policy worldwide. Temperate grasslands in Europe make an important contribution to the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. The species and community diversity of grasslands is a result of a traditional extensive grassland management interacting with a broad range of site conditions. Until the early decades of the last century, grassland sites were hardly ameliorated and the agronomic potential was generally low, depending on the fertility of the soils. Later on the production from grassland was markedly improved by regular fertilisation, by liming and by artificial drainage of wet sites. Correspondingly, the stocking rates and the cutting frequency increased. Thus, biodiversity strongly decreased, and unimproved species-rich swards only persisted on a low percentage of the total grassland area. The preservation of the remaining species-rich grassland is a primary goal of nature conservation. The continuation of traditional ways of grassland management that would best preserve biodiversity is often not compatible with the requirements of intensive livestock production. Therefore, this grassland is at risk of being abandoned from agricultural use. There is a need to identify and develop improved management measures that better integrate biodiversity and agronomy targets of species-rich grassland farming. In addition, compensation payments for farmers are required to support grass production on species-rich swards. Apart from the unimproved species-rich grassland, there is an increasing area of now de-intensified species-poor grassland which can be managed to increase biodiversity. Grazing at a low stocking rate seems to have the potential to facilitate the restoration of diverse swards and to support reasonable individual performances of the grazing animals.