Technology diffusion in U.S. manufacturing: the geographic dimension
Technology diffusion in U.S. manufacturing: the geographic dimension
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美国制造业的技术扩散：地理维度
DOI：
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Robert. Triest
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Little;Robert. Triest
“技术”是增长的关键决定因素，但经济学家经常把它的组成部分混在一起放在罗森博格的黑盒子里。在新古典主义模型中，我们让残差代表技术，并挥手将技术进步视为“天赐之物”。“而且，虽然内生增长方法明确地寻求建立技术生产的模型，但习惯上使用研发支出来代表技术变革有严重的缺点。例如，并非所有的研发支出都具有同等的生产力，其中很大一部分与新消费品的发明（产品创新）有关。虽然产品创新很可能影响国家或区域的商业周期，并改善消费者福利，但这类创新通常对要素生产率的影响很小。相比之下，新型资本设备或新生产方法（工艺创新）的发明是生产前沿的关键决定因素。毕竟，科学和技术知识的状态设定了限制。然而，新的资本设备或制造方法的发明只是主流生产程序演变的一个步骤。
"Technology" is a key determinant of growth, but economists frequently leave its components jumbled together in Rosenberg’s black box. In neoclassical models, we let the residuals represent technology and, waving our hands, treat technical progress as "manna from heaven." And, while the endogenous growth approach explicitly seeks to model the production of technology, the customary use of R&D spending to represent technological change has serious drawbacks. Not all R&D spending is equally productive, for instance, and a significant portion relates to the invention of new consumer products (product innovation). While product innovation may well influence national or regional business cycles and improve consumer welfare, this type of innovation generally has fairly minor effects on factor productivity. By contrast, the invention of new types of capital equipment or new production methods (process innovation) is a key determinant of the production frontier. After all, the state of scientific and technical knowledge sets the limits. Nevertheless, the invention of new capital equipment or manufacturing methods represents just one step in the evolution of prevailing production procedures.