Chemical elements in the aragonitic and calcitic microstructural groups of shell of the oysterCrassostrea virginica: A proton probe study
Chemical elements in the aragonitic and calcitic microstructural groups of shell of the oysterCrassostrea virginica: A proton probe study
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维吉尼亚牡蛎壳文石和方解石微结构群中的化学元素：质子探针研究
DOI：
10.1007/bf01319397
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
C. L. Counts
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. R. Carriker;Charles P. Swann;R. Prezant;C. L. Counts
本文报道了用质子激发X射线荧光分析（PIXE）研究15种化学元素（周期表中Na ~ Sr）在快速生长的北美牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica（Gmelin））壳的4个微结构区和2个矿物区的分布和浓度的结果。1978年夏季，在美国特拉华州的布罗德基尔河口养殖了16周的牡蛎。它们的瓣膜边缘被锉平作为标记，牡蛎在河口被替换，在那里它们迅速生长。标记后沉积的炮弹在经过一个狭窄的扰动区后具有正常的微观结构和矿物学。在17 d后处死牡蛎，对3种牡蛎的瓣膜不同矿物学和显微结构区域以及2种牡蛎的部分瓣膜进行Na ~ Sr元素的分析。（2.5 × 0.45 mm）包括3个钙化组（棱柱状、叶状、白垩状）和一个文石状（肌层）显微结构组; 4个样方位于右瓣和左瓣的外部，5个样方位于右瓣和左瓣的内部。同时分析了其中一只牡蛎的左、右瓣和右瓣的吸气和呼气边缘。壳的不同区域的元素化学变化之间的三个微观结构组内的单一的方解石多晶型体，文石和方解石区域之间，和之间的呼气和吸气边缘的阀门。元素主要集中在右瓣的棱柱形区域。元素浓度是相似的地面右和左阀，除了较高水平的硅，铁，锌在右阀（对应于其高含量的棱柱形外壳）和氯在左阀（反映高浓度白垩壳，丰富的这个阀门）。Na、Mg、Cl、Cr、Cu、Zn、Br等元素在柱状壳中的含量高于叶状壳。白垩壳含有较高浓度的Na比棱柱形壳，和高浓度（但低于棱柱形壳）的Mg，Cl，Ti，Mn，Fe，Zn和Br。肌层壳中的元素浓度与叶状壳中的元素浓度大致相同或低于叶状壳中的元素浓度，但Sr的含量高于其他壳组。在右瓣中，大多数元素集中在吸气边缘，在左瓣中，大多数元素集中在呼气边缘。随着棱柱壳外表面风化程度的增加，Mg、Si和Mn的浓度增加，Na、Al、Cl、Ti、Cr、Fe、Br和Sr的浓度降低。
We report the results of a study with proton-induced X-ray emissions (PIXE) of the distribution and concentration of 15 chemical elements (Na to Sr in periodic chart) in four microstructural and two mineralogical regions of shell of rapidly growing adult oysters [Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)]. Hatchery-raised oysters were grown in Broadkill Estuary, Delaware, USA, for 16 wk in summer 1978. Their valve edges were filed as a marker, and the oysters were replaced in the estuary, where they grew rapidly. Shell deposited after marking had a normal microstructure and mineralogy after a narrow zone of disturbance. After 17 d oysters were sacrificed, and different mineralogical and microstructural regions of valves of three oysters, and parts of valves of two oysters, were analyzed for the elements Na to Sr. Quadrats (2.5 × 0.45 mm) included three calcitic groups (prismatic, foliated, chalky) and one aragonitic (myostracal) microstructural group; four quadrats were on the exterior and five on the interior of right and left valves. Inhalant and exhalant margins of valves and ground right and left valves of one oyster were also analyzed. Elemental chemistry of different regions of shell varied among the three microstructural groups within the single calcitic polymorph, between aragonitic and calcitic regions, and between exhalant and inhalant margins of the valves. Elements were most concentrated in the prismatic region of the right valve. Element concentrations were similar in ground right and left valves, except for higher levels of Si, Fe, and Zn in the right valve (corresponding to their high contents in prismatic shell) and of Cl in the left valve (reflecting high concentration in chalky shell, abundant in this valve). Na, Mg, Cl, Cr, Cu, Zn and Br were more concentrated in prismatic than in foliated shell. Chalky shell contained higher concentrations of Na than did prismatic shell, and high concentrations (but lower than in prismatic shell) of Mg, Cl, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn and Br. Element concentration in myostracum was approximately the same as, or lower than, in foliated shell, except for Sr, which was higher than that in any other shell group. In the right valve most elements were concentrated in inhalant margins, and on the left valve, in exhalant margins. With increased weathering of the exterior surface of prismatic shell, Mg, Si, and Mn increased in concentration and Na, Al, Cl, Ti, Cr, Fe, Br, and Sr decreased.