The school-to-prison pipeline: structuring legal reform
The school-to-prison pipeline: structuring legal reform
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学校到监狱的管道：构建法律改革
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
Kimberly L. Barrett
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作者：
Kimberly L. Barrett
越来越多地，特别是在20世纪90年代中后期，经验性文献和媒体都开始关注校园犯罪和校园暴力。一些人将此归因于在这段时间内随之而来的“校园枪击道德恐慌”，最明显的是对高度宣传的校园枪击悲剧的反应，例如珍珠高中和科伦拜高中的校园枪击悲剧。另一些人则认为，对学校安全的关注是对“青少年超级捕食者”的恐惧所致。这个词是由政治学家约翰·德尤里奥首创的，“少年超级捕食者”被描述为冷酷无情、反社会、无可救药的年轻人，有能力犯下最暴力的罪行。Deiulio和他的同事们以前认为(但后来撤回了)，随着时间的推移，“青少年超级捕食者”的数量将会增加，因此，社会可以预期暴力犯罪会增加，需要做好准备来管理这些所谓的危险人物。其他人认为，注意力的增加是20世纪90年代少年(和成人)司法系统的典型特征--对犯罪的总体态度--“变得强硬”的结果。无论如何，很明显，学校安全已经成为一个独立的领域，并将继续成为研究犯罪和犯罪的一个重要背景。虽然学校安全意识产生的原因是多方面的，但相应的政策回应也是如此。1994年，联邦《枪支自由学校法案》获得通过，要求各州采取“零容忍”政策，指的是要求对一系列学生行为作出“强硬”回应的正式纪律准则。这种政策有时需要自动提交给少年司法系统，而产生这种反应的具体行为往往留给州或学区来定义。向学校提供了学校安全资金，用于购买学校安全场地评估、金属探测器等设备和其他建筑物安全技术。还提供了资金，以雇用学校资源干事(SRO)来维持校舍的治安。这些政策变化，加上学生入学人数的空前增加，在过去几年里极大地改变了学生环境。《刑事司法杂志》第22卷第4期(2011年12月)
Increasingly, and especially through the mid to late 1990s, both the empirical literature and the media have been drawing attention to school crime and school violence. Some attribute this to what has been referred to as the “school shooting moral panic” that ensued during this time frame most recognizable by the responses to highly-publicized school shooting tragedies, such as those at Pearl High School and Columbine High School. Others contend that attention to school safety was the result of fear of the “juvenile superpredator.” This term was coined by political scientist John DeIulio, and the “juvenile super-predator” was characterized as a callous, sociopathic, incorrigible youth, capable of committing the most violent of crimes. DeIulio and colleagues formerly contended (but have since retracted) that the number of “juvenile super-predators” would increase over the years and, as such, society can expect increases in violent crime, and needs to prepare itself to manage these so-called dangerous persons. Others perceive the increase in attention to be a result of the overall “get tough” on crime attitude that typified the juvenile (and adult) justice system during the 1990s. In any event, it is clear that school safety has emerged as its own sub-area, and continues to be an important context in which to study crime and delinquency. While the causes of the emergence of school safety awareness are numerous, so are the corresponding policy responses. In 1994, the federal Gun Free Schools Act was passed, requiring states to adopt “Zero-Tolerance” policies, referring to formal disciplinary codes that mandate “get tough” responses to a range of student behaviors. Such policies sometimes required automatic referral to the juvenile justice system, and specific behaviors that yielded such responses were often left to the state or school district to define. School safety funding was made available to schools to be used for the purchase of school safety site assessments, equipment such as metal detectors, and other building security technologies. Funding was also made available to hire School Resource Officers (SROs) to police school premises. These policy changes, coupled with unprecedented increases in student enrollment, have drastically changed the student environment over the past several years. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION VOLUME 22 NUMBER 4 (DECEMBER 2011)