Growing Cities Sustainably
Growing Cities Sustainably
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DOI：
10.1080/01944363.2012.666731
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发表时间：
2012-04
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
M. Echenique;Anthony J. Hargreaves;G. Mitchell;A. Namdeo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Echenique;Anthony J. Hargreaves;G. Mitchell;A. Namdeo
问题、研究策略和发现：人们普遍认为，所谓的紧凑型发展是最能够通过减少出行距离和保护土地来可持续地适应增长的城市形式，但可信的支持性证据仍然有限。这项研究严格和现实地测试了未来30年三种不同类型的英国城市地区的空间选择的相对表现。统计模型首先预测了人们在土地和运输相互作用的市场中的行为。然后将这些产出输入到已建立的模拟模型中，以生成26个指标，衡量空间选项的经济效率、资源使用、社会影响和环境影响。这使得对这些地区的紧凑型城市和无序扩张的城市形式的成本和效益进行明确的比较成为可能。虽然原型（即，压实、蔓延、边缘扩张和新城镇）的可持续性确实存在差异，但没有一种形式明显优于上级。相反，向“白色领”生活方式的转变和相关的人口增长主导了对自然环境和资源的影响，远远超过了可归因于城市空间形态的影响。练习要点：城市形态政策可以对当地的环境质量、经济、拥挤和社会公平产生重要影响，但它们对能源消耗和土地利用的影响非常有限;紧凑型发展不应自动与首选的空间增长战略相关联。研究支持：该研究由英国工程和物理科学研究理事会资助。
Problem, research strategy, and findings: It is commonly asserted that so-called compact development is the urban form most able to sustainably accommodate growth by reducing travel distances and conserving land, but credible supportive evidence remains limited. This study rigorously and realistically tested the relative performance of spatial options over the next 30 years for three distinct kinds of English city regions. Statistical models first forecast the behavior of people within interacting markets for land and transport. These outputs were then fed to established simulation models to generate 26 indicators measuring the economic efficiency, resource use, social impact, and environmental impact of the spatial options. This permitted an explicit comparison of the costs and benefits of compact against sprawling urban forms for these regions. While the prototypes (i.e., compaction, sprawl, edge expansion, and new towns) were indeed found to differ in their sustainability, no one form was clearly superior. Rather, the change to “white collar” lifestyles and associated population growth dominates the impacts on the natural environment and resources, far overwhelming those attributable to spatial urban form. Takeaway for practice: Urban form policies can have important impacts on local environmental quality, economy, crowding, and social equity, but their influence on energy consumption and land use is very modest; compact development should not automatically be associated with the preferred spatial growth strategy. Research support: The research was funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council.