Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition: Canonical typological structures and ergativity in English L2 acquisition
Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition: Canonical typological structures and ergativity in English L2 acquisition
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第二语言习得的语言学视角：英语 L2 习得中的规范类型结构和作格
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781139524544.015
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发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
H. Zobl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Zobl
关于语法知识与其经验基础之间的差异的讨论通常集中在如何解释正确的成人语法的获得。然而，这种知识和输入数据之间的差距在学习者制定语法时得出的临时解决方案中也很明显。正如莱特富特（Lightfoot，1982）所指出的那样，在从数据中得出的许多逻辑上可能的过渡解决方案中，实际上只有一个狭窄的范围得到了证明。在目标语言或第一语言中，这些词往往没有明显的模式。到目前为止，没有任何已知的归纳学习程序可以令人满意地解释习得的这些突出方面，先天的，特别是语言的限制必须调解习得过程，这是毫无争议的。这些限制为普遍语法的理论定义了领域。我们可以把这些限制看作是语法原则。普遍语法将由规定语法形式的不变原则组成。除此之外，还有其他允许变化的原则。它们的实施方式引起了语言中可观察到的类型学差异。由于类型学的变异受到严格的限制，而且没有历史证据表明新的语言类型已经进化（Wode 1981），这些原则似乎也是我们生物禀赋的一部分。那么，假设语法结构是以这样一种方式由原则介导的，即学习者被编程为搜索那些指示其实现方式的数据。
Discussions of the discrepancy between grammatical knowledge and its experiential basis in the primary data of acquisition usually focus on the question of how to account for the attainment of the correct adult grammar. Yet this disparity between knowledge and input data is also apparent in provisional solutions learners arrive at in formulating a grammar. As Lightfoot (1982) points out, of the many logically possible interim solutions that could be derived from the data, only a narrow range is actually attested. Not infrequently these have no obvious model in the target or the first language. It is noncontroversial, by now, that no known inductive learning procedure can satisfactorily account for these salient aspects of acquisition and that innate, specifically linguistic, constraints must mediate the acquisition process. These constraints define the domain for a theory of Universal Grammar. We can conceive of these constraints as grammatical principles. Universal Grammar will consist of invariant principles which dictate the form grammars can take. Besides these, there are other principles admitting of variation. The manner of their implementation gives rise to the typological variation observable in languages. Since typological variation is sharply circumscribed, and since there is no historical evidence that new linguistic types have evolved (Wode 1981), these principles, too, appear to form part of our biological endowment. Assume, then, that grammar construction is mediated by principles in such a way that a learner is programmed to search out those data that indicate their manner of implementation.