EQUIVALENT SAMPLE-SIZE AND EQUIVALENT DEGREES OF FREEDOM REFINEMENTS FOR INFERENCE USING SURVEY WEIGHTS UNDER SUPERPOPULATION MODELS
EQUIVALENT SAMPLE-SIZE AND EQUIVALENT DEGREES OF FREEDOM REFINEMENTS FOR INFERENCE USING SURVEY WEIGHTS UNDER SUPERPOPULATION MODELS
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DOI：
10.2307/2290269
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发表时间：
1992-06-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
MANTON, KG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
POTTHOFF, RF;WOODBURY, MA;MANTON, KG
已经提出了许多程序来解决从具有复杂样本设计的调查中提取的数据的不同推断问题（即，需要不等加权的设计）。大多数程序要么是基于有限人口的假设，或需要一个明确的模型使用超人口的理由规范。在这里，我们提出了一些相对简单的近似程序，是基于超种群模型。它们提供了有效的方差估计量、检验统计量和置信区间，允许通过设计权重和其他权重表示样本设计效应。该程序不依赖于对模型元素（如协变量）的调节来调整设计效应。相反，我们通过重新调整样本权重来获得估计量，以求和为等效样本量（等于样本量除以设计效应）。使用超总体模型的加权估计，我们得到近似的置信区间的平均值为简单的抽样情况下，以及集群抽样，后分层，分层抽样。我们还获得了近似检验的假设，单因素方差分析和kX2同质性检验。对于所有这些，提供了基于等效自由度的概念的进一步改进。另外，描述并示出了用于确定和使用后分层权重的一般方法。本文中的程序比通常的权宜方法更合理，即按比例调整权重以增加样本量。
A number of procedures have been proposed to attack different inference problems for data drawn from a survey with a complex sample design (i.e., a design that entails unequal weighting). Most procedures either are based on finite-population assumptions or require the specification of an explicit model using a superpopulation rationale. Herein we propose some relatively simple approximate procedures that are based on a superpopulation model. They provide valid variance estimators, test statistics, and confidence intervals that allow for sample design effects as expressed by design weights and other weights. The procedures do not rely on conditioning on model elements such as covariates to adjust for design effects. Instead, we obtain estimators by rescaling sample weights to sum to the equivalent sample size (equal to sample size divided by design effect). Using weighted estimators for superpopulation models, we obtain approximations to confidence bounds on the mean for simple sampling situations as well as for cluster sampling, poststratification, and stratified sampling. We also obtain approximate tests of hypotheses for one-way analysis of variance and k X 2 homogeneity testing. For all of these, further refinements based on the concept of equivalent degrees of freedom are provided. Additionally, a general method for determining and using poststratification weights is described and illustrated. The procedures in this article are better justified than the common expedient of making proportional adjustments so that the weights add to the sample size.