Economics of Plant Disease Outbreaks
Economics of Plant Disease Outbreaks
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植物病害爆发的经济学
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Rolfe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Khorshed Alam;J. Rolfe
在澳大利亚等国家，贸易自由化、全球化以及人员和商品的国际运输增加了动植物疾病入侵的可能性。虽然相对严格的检疫制度和地理隔离为澳大利亚提供了实质性的保护，但疾病入侵并不罕见。近年来，我国发生了小麦条锈病、棉花白叶枯病、甘蔗萎蔫病、马铃薯包囊线虫、肉禽瘟、葡萄叶锈病、木瓜果蝇、禽群新城疫、绵羊约翰氏病等外来疫病。最近对植物病害入侵的关注是继2001年在昆士兰北部塔利地区爆发了一种香蕉叶片病——黑叶斑病，以及2004年在昆士兰中部高地地区爆发了柑橘类水果的一种高度传染性细菌疾病——柑橘溃疡病之后。任何虫害或疾病的爆发，无论是植物还是动物，都有可能在澳大利亚等国家广泛传播，从而产生经济、社会和环境影响。与此同时，贸易自由化进程的重点是避免检疫被用作贸易壁垒，在这种情况下，疾病入侵的风险被用来“压倒”贸易流动增加的任何潜在好处。有效的检疫制度、进口、监测和监督程序，以及在疾病暴发时采取适当的根除措施，在经济上有充分的理由。需要对疫情的经济成本和避免疫情的好处进行估计，以帮助权衡有关未来适当预防和应对战略的政策选择。对引进疾病的昆虫学和流行病学进行了一些研究（例如，Gottwald， Graham和Schubert， 2002年）。然而，很少有研究注意到这种爆发的经济学（Hanold, 1996）。在澳大利亚，近年来在杂草管理领域开展了一些工作，就控制方案和时间而言，这与疾病问题类似。下一节将对其进行回顾。虽然植物病害入侵问题的公共政策评价和管理被认为是重要的，但它们仍然没有得到充分的研究。直到最近，虫害和疾病入侵造成损害的全部费用才受到更多的关注（Evans， 2003年）。只有数量有限的研究试图量化植物病害爆发的经济损失和适当应对战略的可取性。要估计疫情的经济成本，重要的是正确确定所造成的损失并对其进行量化。疫情爆发的代价可能是
ncreasing trade liberalisation, globalisation and international transportation of people and commodities have increased the potential for disease incursion, both plant and animal, in countries like Australia. While a comparatively strict quarantine regime and geographic isolation provide substantial protection in Australia, disease incursions are not uncommon. In recent years, there have been several exotic disease outbreaks including wheat stripe rust, bacterial blight of cotton, sugar cane ratoon stunt, potato cyst nematodes, karnal bunt, grapevine leaf rust, papaya fruit fly, Newcastle disease in poultry flocks, and Ovine Johne’s Disease (OJD) in sheep. Recent attention on the incursion of plant diseases followed the outbreak of black sigatoka, a banana leaf disease, in the Tully district of North Queensland in 2001, and citrus canker, a highly contagious bacterial disease for citrus fruits, in the Central Highlands region of Queensland in 2004. An outbreak of any pest or disease, either plant or animal, has the potential to be widespread in countries like Australia, with subsequent economic, social and environmental impacts. At the same time, the trade liberalisation process is focused on avoiding quarantine being used as a trade barrier, where the risks of disease incursion are used to ‘trump’ any potential benefits of increased trade flows. There is a strong economic case for an efficient quarantine regime, with import, monitoring and surveillance procedures, and for appropriate eradication measures when disease outbreaks occur. Estimates of the economic cost of outbreaks, and the benefits of avoiding them, are needed to help weigh policy options about appropriate future prevention and response strategies. A number of studies have been conducted on the entomology and epidemiology of introduced diseases (for example, Gottwald, Graham and Schubert, 2002). However, little research attention has been paid to the economics of such outbreaks (Hanold, 1996). In Australia, there has been work in recent years in the area of weed management which is analogous to the disease problem in terms of containment options and timing. A review is provided in the next section. Although public policy evaluation and administration of plant disease incursion issues are considered to be important, they remain understudied. The full extent of the costs of damages caused by pest and disease incursions has only recently received greater attention (Evans, 2003). There is only a limited number of studies attempting to quantify the economic losses of plant disease outbreaks and the desirability of appropriate response strategies. To estimate the economic cost of an outbreak, proper identification of losses incurred and their quantification are important. Costs of an outbreak can be