Legacy and alternative flame retardants in Norwegian and UK indoor environment: Implications of human exposure via dust ingestion
Legacy and alternative flame retardants in Norwegian and UK indoor environment: Implications of human exposure via dust ingestion
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.012
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发表时间：
2017-05-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Collins, Chris D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kademoglou, Katerina;Xu, Fuchao;Collins, Chris D.
室内粉尘被认为是阻燃剂的主要来源，而吸入粉尘被认为是人类接触阻燃剂的主要途径。在本研究中，我们调查了多溴二苯醚和替代阻燃剂的存在，如新出现的卤代阻燃剂（EHFRs）和有机磷阻燃剂（PFRs），这些阻燃剂来自英国和挪威的房屋以及英国的商店和办公室的室内粉尘样本。BDE209是最丰富的多溴二苯醚同系物，在英国的职业粉尘和室内粉尘中的中位浓度分别为4700 ng g（-1）和3400 ng g(-1)，比挪威的室内粉尘高30倍和20倍。单体PFRs (m-PFRs)，包括磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）、磷酸三氯丙基（TCPP）和磷酸三氯乙基（TCEP）在所有研究环境中占主导地位。据我们所知，这是室内环境中磷酸异癸基二苯酯（iDPP）和磷酸三甲苯（TXP）的第一份报告。iDPP是所有粉尘样品中含量最高的低聚物PFR (o-PFR)，其中位数浓度比TXP和双酚A -二苯磷酸（BDP）高一个数量级。英国工人在职业环境中暴露8小时的iDPP和TXP最坏情况暴露分别等于34和1.4 ng kg bw（-1）天（-1）。英国学步儿童BDE209的最坏情况估计暴露量（820 ng kg bw-1天-1）没有超过建议参考剂量（RID） （7000 ng kg bw-1天-1），而英国学步儿童和成人的m-PFRs （Sigma m-PFRs）暴露量总和（分别为17,900和785 ng kg bw-1天（-1））比挪威学步儿童和成人（1600和70 ng kg bw-1天（-1））高出一个数量级。(C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
Indoor dust has been acknowledged as a major source of flame retardants (FRs) and dust ingestion is considered a major route of exposure for humans. In the present study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs and alternative FRs such as emerging halogenated FRs (EHFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in indoor dust samples from British and Norwegian houses as well as British stores and offices. BDE209 was the most abundant PBDE congener with median concentrations of 4700 ng g(-1) and 3400 ng g(-1) in UK occupatiOnal and house dust, respectively, 30 and 20 fold higher than in Norwegian house dust. Monomeric PFRs (m-PFRs), including triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) dominated all the studied environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isodecyldiphenyl phosphate (iDPP) and trixylenyl phosphate (TXP) in indoor environments. iDPP was the most abundant oligomeric PFR (o-PFR) in all dust samples, with median concentrations one order of magnitude higher than TXP and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate (BDP). iDPP and TXP worst-case scenario exposures for British workers during an 8 h exposure in the occupational environment were equal to 34 and 1.4 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1), respectively. The worst case scenario for BDE209 estimated exposure for British toddlers (820 ng kg bw-1 day-1) did not exceeded the proposed reference dose (RID) (7000 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1)), while exposures for sum of m-PFRs (Sigma m-PFRs) in British toddlers and adults (17,900 and 785 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1) respectively) were an order of magnitude higher than for Norwegian toddlers and adults (1600 and 70 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1)). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.