Rainfall energy effects on runoff and interrill erosion in effluent irrigated soils.
Rainfall energy effects on runoff and interrill erosion in effluent irrigated soils.
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DOI：
10.1097/00010694-200007000-00002
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发表时间：
2000-07
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Mamedov;I. Shainberg;G. Levy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Mamedov;I. Shainberg;G. Levy
雨滴动能（KE）对土壤表面密封的形成有重要影响。土壤密封增加了径流和土壤侵蚀。据推测，在暴露于雨水的土壤（i）径流和细沟间侵蚀的水平，以前灌溉的污水与以前灌溉的淡水（FW）的土壤不同，和（ii）之间的差异，径流和细沟间侵蚀以前灌溉的污水和FW样品取决于雨KE。采用滴注式降雨模拟装置，研究了蒸馏水（DW）的4个滴水KE水平（3.6、8.0、12.4和15.9kJ m-3）对4种不同灌溉年限的蒙皂石土径流和冲刷侵蚀的影响。所用土壤为来自Be'er Sheva Valley的壤土黄土（Calcic Haploxeralf）、来自Pleshet Plains的深棕色桑迪粘土变性土（Chromic Haploxerert）（变性土HH）和来自以色列Zevulun Valley（变性土Y）和Western Galilee（变性土E）的两种深棕色重质粘土变性土（Chromic Haploxerert）。对于所有的土壤，总径流和冲刷侵蚀值的增加而增加的雨KE。总径流水平低于FW灌溉的样品比污水灌溉的土壤，除了最高的KE，两种类型的土壤之间的径流没有差异。相反，对于每一种土壤和每一个雨KE，冲洗侵蚀是高于在FW灌溉的污水灌溉样品。总径流量的影响，主要是由雨KE的变化在低到中等范围的KE研究。因此，灌溉水质的影响（即，污水与FW）对总径流量的影响主要是在低到中雨KE范围内明显，在高降雨KE，灌溉水质对径流量的影响可以忽略不计。在所研究的中高KE范围内，冲刷侵蚀主要受到降雨KE变化的影响。在高的雨水KE值下，冲刷侵蚀显著增加，尽管径流水平的变化可以忽略不计，这表明当KE > 12.4kJ m-3时，封层形成完成，径流在促进夹带物质的运输方面的贡献是次要的，而土壤剥离在决定冲刷侵蚀方面的作用是次要的。冲洗侵蚀（通过土壤分离）对雨水KE的依赖性大于其对土壤暴露在过去的灌溉水质量的依赖性（FW与污水）。
Seal formation at soil surfaces is significantly affected by raindrop kinetic energy (KE). Soil sealing enhances runoff and soil erosion. It has been hypothesized that in soils exposed to rain (i) runoff and interrill erosion levels in soils previously irrigated with effluents differ from those in soils previously irrigated with fresh water (FW), and (ii) that the difference in runoff and interrill erosion between the previously irrigated effluent and FW samples depends on rain KE. The effects offour droplet KE levels (3.6, 8.0, 12.4, and 15.9 kJ m -3 ) of distilled water (DW) on runoff and wash erosion of four smectitic soils that had been irrigated for many years with fresh water or effluents was studied with a drip-type rain simulator. The soils used were a loamy loess (Calcic Haploxeralf) from Be'er Sheva Valley, a dark brown sandy clay vertisol (Chromic Haploxerert) from the Pleshet Plains (vertisol HH), and two dark brown heavy clay vertisols (Chromic Haploxerert) from Zevulun Valley (vertisol Y) and Western Galilee (vertisol E), Israel. For all soils, total runoff and wash erosion values increased with the increase in rain KE. Total runoff levels were lower for the FW-irrigated samples than for the effluent-irrigated soils, except for the highest KE where no differences in runoff between the two types of soils was noted. Conversely, for each soil and each rain KE, wash erosion was higher in the effluent-irrigated samples than in the FW-irrigated ones. Total runoff was affected mainly by changes in rain KE at the lower to medium range of the KE studied. Thus, the effects of irrigation water quality (i.e., effluents vs. FW) on total runoff was pronounced mainly at the low-to-moderate rain KE range; at high rain KE, the effects of irrigation water quality on runoff were negligible. Wash erosion was affected mainly by changes in rain KE at the medium-to-high KE range studied. That wash erosion increased markedly at the high rain KE values, despite the negligible change in runoff level, suggested that for KE > 12.4 kJ m -3 , seal formation was completed, and the contribution of runoff in facilitating transport for the entrained material was secondary to the role of soil detachment in determining wash erosion. The dependence of wash erosion (through soil detachment) on rain KE was greater than its dependence on the quality of the irrigation water that the soil was exposed to in the past (FW vs. effluent).