The biomechanics of browsing and grazing.
The biomechanics of browsing and grazing.
复制标题
浏览和放牧的生物力学。
DOI：
10.3732/ajb.93.10.1531
复制
发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
G. Sanson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Sanson
陆生植物叶子是复合材料的复杂结构。抗断裂性是通过多种机制实现的，这些机制在分子、细胞、组织和结构水平上发挥作用。双子叶植物的叶子与禾本科植物的叶子具有不同的脉络模式和细胞壁体积分数，因此，它们可能以不同的方式抵抗断裂。动物对植物进行机械加工，以破裂细胞壁，为酶水解做准备，为此，当务之急是最大化新的表面积和/或加快细胞内容物的获取，最好是通过促进弹性断裂。这两种不同的植物类型由两组不同的生物体喂养，它们的大小、消化生理、机械加工能力和特性以及营养需求都非常不同。小昆虫可以在叶子中或部分叶子上取食，而较大的哺乳动物通常必须以整片叶子为食。两组食草动物的摄食规模也不同，但这与叶子的机械性能规模如何相互作用尚不清楚。植物叶子受到各种规模的攻击，并且可能只能对特殊的食草动物产生普遍的反应。此外，这些不同规模的相互作用为不同食草动物带来的机会仍有待探索。
Terrestrial plant leaves are complex structures of composite materials. Resistance to fracture is achieved by a number of mechanisms, which operate at the molecular, cell, tissue, and structural levels. Leaves of dicots have different venation patterns and cell wall volume fractions from those of grasses, and consequently, they potentially resist fracture in different ways. Animals mechanically process plants in order to rupture the cell wall in preparation for enzymic hydrolysis, for which the imperative is to maximize new surface area and/or to expedite access to cell contents, ideally by promoting elastic fracture. The two different plant types are fed on by two different groups of organisms of very different sizes, digestive physiologies, mechanical processing abilities and properties, and nutritional requirements. Small insects can feed in or on parts of leaves, while larger mammals generally have to feed on the whole leaf. The scale of feeding also differs for the two groups of herbivores, but how this interacts with the scale of the mechanical properties of the leaf is not well understood. Plant leaves are attacked at all scales and probably can only produce generalized responses to specialized herbivores. In addition, the opportunities that these different scales of interactions open for the different herbivores remain unexplored.