Moral Psychology Is Relationship Regulation: Moral Motives for Unity, Hierarchy, Equality, and Proportionality
Moral Psychology Is Relationship Regulation: Moral Motives for Unity, Hierarchy, Equality, and Proportionality
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DOI：
10.1037/a0021867
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Fiske, Alan Page
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rai, Tage Shakti;Fiske, Alan Page
真正的道德分歧存在并且广泛存在。为了理解这种分歧，我们必须研究人们跨文化构建的社会关系的基本类型，以及这些关系所带来的独特的道德义务和禁令。我们扩展了理性模型理论（Fiske，1991）来识别 4 种基本且独特的道德动机。团结是通过避免或消除污染威胁并根据需要或同理心提供援助和保护来关心和支持群体内完整性的动机。等级制度是尊重社会群体中等级的动机，上级有权受到尊重和尊重，但也必须领导、指导、指导和保护下级。平等是平衡、实物互惠、平等待遇、平等发言权和平等机会的动力。比例性是奖惩与功绩相称、利益与贡献相称、判断基于成本与收益的功利计算的动机。这四种道德动机是普遍存在的，但文化、意识形态和个人在激活这些动机以及如何实施这些动机方面存在差异。与现有理论（Haidt，2007；Hauser，2006；Turiel，1983）不同，关系调节理论预测，任何行为，包括暴力、不平等待遇和“不纯洁”行为，都可能被视为道德正确，具体取决于所采用的道德动机以及如何解释相关的社会关系。这种方法有助于更清楚地理解我们不同意的道德观点，并为如何影响世界上的道德动机和实践提供了模板。
Genuine moral disagreement exists and is widespread. To understand such disagreement, we must examine the basic kinds of social relationships people construct across cultures and the distinct moral obligations and prohibitions these relationships entail. We extend retational models theory (Fiske, 1991) to identify 4 fundamental and distinct moral motives. Unity is the motive to care for and support the integrity of in-groups by avoiding or eliminating threats of contamination and providing aid and protection based on need or empathic compassion. Hierarchy is the motive to respect rank in social groups where superiors are entitled to deference and respect but must also lead, guide, direct, and protect subordinates. Equality is the motive for balanced, in-kind reciprocity, equal treatment, equal say, and equal opportunity. Proportionality is the motive for rewards and punishments to be proportionate to merit, benefits to be calibrated to contributions, and judgments to be based on a utilitarian calculus of costs and benefits. The 4 moral motives are universal, but cultures, ideologies, and individuals differ in where they activate these motives and how they implement them. Unlike existing theories (Haidt, 2007; Hauser, 2006; Turiel, 1983), relationship regulation theory predicts that any action, including violence, unequal treatment, and "impure" acts, may be perceived as morally correct depending on the moral motive employed and how the relevant social relationship is construed. This approach facilitates clearer understanding of moral perspectives we disagree with and provides a template for how to influence moral motives and practices in the world.