Reconstructing pre-natal and early childhood exposure to multi-class organic chemicals using teeth: Towards a retrospective temporal exposome
Reconstructing pre-natal and early childhood exposure to multi-class organic chemicals using teeth: Towards a retrospective temporal exposome
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.010
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发表时间：
2015-10-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Arora, Manish
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Andra, Syam S.;Austin, Christine;Arora, Manish
环境因素被认为是终生健康轨迹的重要决定因素(Cohen Hubal等人，2014；Granjean和Landrigan，2006；Manciocco等人，2014；Sharma等人，2014)。在研究环境化学品和人体生理相互作用对健康的影响时，大多数流行病学研究中的暴露评估仅限于单一毒物或一小群毒物。然而，人类暴露在数以千计的环境化学品中，这些化学品可能共同产生不同于其单独影响的影响(Kortenkamp等人，2007年)。“Exposome”概念解决了这一问题，涵盖了从出生前开始对环境暴露的完整终身体验(RapPaport，2011，Vrijheid，2014，Wild，2005，Wild，2012)。与人类基因组不同，暴露组是动态的，必须在关键的发育阶段进行检查，以了解其在人类健康中的作用。在这里，我们建议使用新的牙齿基质生物标志物来追溯地捕捉暴露组的组成和时间。除了暴露组概念的发展之外，越来越多的证据表明，内部和外部暴露于化学品(及其反应产物)在不同的发育阶段对我们的生理产生不同的影响(Slevan等，2000)。因此，当对环境化学品的脆弱性增加时，就存在易感性窗口(Granjean和Landrigan，2006)。因此，重要的是，除了考虑已经经历了多少次暴露(即剂量)之外，还应该考虑暴露的时间。在考虑关键窗口时，产前尤为重要。在胎儿时期和儿童早期，身体的组织和器官经历快速增长期，在此期间，有毒的侮辱或营养缺乏可导致长期影响(Osmond和Barker，2000，Slevan等人，2000)。以大脑为例，其发育过程的复杂性是其对环境的独特敏感性的基础。早在怀孕第二周，人类的神经个体发生过程就开始于外胚层的折叠和融合，形成神经管(Tau和Peterson，2010)。人类中枢神经系统(CNS)的发育涉及1000亿个神经细胞和1万亿个胶质细胞的产生。这些神经元必须经历迁移、突触发生、选择性细胞丢失、髓鞘形成和选择性突触修剪，在发育完成之前经历潮起潮落(Faustman等人，2000年)。这些过程在妊娠的第一个月早期开始，一直持续到第二个三个月。例如，神经元迁移在妊娠12周至20周之间达到高峰，并在26周至29周基本完成(Tau和Peterson，2010)。大脑发育的其他关键过程在出生后仍在继续(Andersen，2003)。
Environmental factors are recognized as important determinants of life-long health trajectories (Cohen Hubal et al., 2014, Grandjean and Landrigan, 2006, Manciocco et al., 2014, Sharma et al., 2014). In studying the health effects arising from the interaction of environmental chemicals and human physiology, exposure assessment in most epidemiological studies is limited to a single toxicant or a small group of toxicants. However, humans are exposed to thousands of environmental chemicals which may exert effects jointly that are distinct to their individual effects (Kortenkamp et al., 2007). The “Exposome” concept addresses this issue and encompasses the complete life-long experience of environmental exposures from the pre-natal period onwards (Rappaport, 2011, Vrijheid, 2014, Wild, 2005, Wild, 2012). Unlike the human genome, the exposome is dynamic and must be examined at key developmental stages to understand its role in human health. Here, we propose the use of novel tooth matrix biomarkers to capture the composition and timing of the exposome retrospectively.Alongside the growth of the exposome concept, is also the increasing body of evidence that internal and external exposures to chemicals (and their reaction products) exert a variable influence on our physiology at different developmental stages (Selevan et al., 2000). As a consequence, windows of susceptibility exist when vulnerability to environmental chemicals is heightened (Grandjean and Landrigan, 2006). It, therefore, becomes important to look beyond how much exposure has been experienced (ie the dose) to also consider the timing of exposure. The pre-natal period is particularly important when considering critical windows. During fetal life and early childhood, the tissues and organs of the body undergo periods of rapid growth, during which a toxic insult or nutrient deficiency can lead to long-term effects (Osmond and Barker, 2000, Selevan et al., 2000). Considering the brain as an example, the complexity of its developmental process underlies its unique sensitivity to the environment. As early as the second week of gestation, the neuro-ontogenic process in humans begins with the folding and fusion of ectoderm to form the neural tube (Tau and Peterson, 2010). The development of the human central nervous system (CNS) involves the production of 100 billion nerve cells and 1 trillion glial cells. These neurons must undergo migration, synaptogenesis, selective cell loss, myelination, and selective synaptic pruning in stages that ebb and flow before development is complete (Faustman et al., 2000). These processes commence early in the first month of gestation and continue well into the second trimester. For example, neuronal migration peaks between gestational weeks 12 and 20 and is largely complete by weeks 26–29 (Tau and Peterson, 2010). Other critical processes in brain development continue post-natally (Andersen, 2003).