Perspective: The pace of modern life: Measuring rates of contemporary microevolution
Perspective: The pace of modern life: Measuring rates of contemporary microevolution
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04550.x
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发表时间：
1999-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Kinnison, MT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hendry, AP;Kinnison, MT
我们评估了测量和指定野外微进化速率的方法，特别是关于当代的研究，通常被认为是“快速”的进化。在这个领域中存在大量的歧义和不一致，我们提供了一些建议，可以改善研究设计、推理和表达的清晰度。(1)一些研究测量一个种群内随时间的变化（异时性），另一些研究测量过去有共同祖先的两个种群之间的差异（共时性）。异时研究可以用来估计“进化”的速率，而共时研究更适合估计“分化”的速率。在组成种群中，分化率可能是实际进化率的一小部分，也可能是许多倍。(2)一些研究使用从野外捕获的个体来测量变化，而另一些研究则测量在共同环境中饲养后的差异。第一种类型的研究可用于指定“表型”率和后一种“遗传”率。(3)最常用的进化速率度量，达尔文，有许多理论上的缺点。微观进化的研究将受益于确定每一代的标准偏差率。进化速率通常是指定的，但没有表明其精度。应该实施确定置信区间和统计显著性的现成方法（回归、自举、随机化）。(5)微观进化论者应该努力积累时间序列，这可以揭示进化速度的时间变化，并可用于识别进化模式。(6)进化速率为比较不同研究、特征、分类群和时间尺度的进化速度提供了一种方便的方法，但这种比较受制于不同程度的置信度。跨越不同时间尺度的比较尤其脆弱。(7)有许多多变量汇率测量方法，但在确定它们的效用之前，需要进行大量的理论发展。我们鼓励继续研究进化速率，因为它们提供的信息与广泛的理论和实践问题相关。
We evaluate methods for measuring and specifying rates of microevolution in the wild, with particular regard to studies of contemporary, often deemed "rapid," evolution. A considerable amount of ambiguity and inconsistency persists within the field, and we provide a number of suggestions that should improve study design, inference, and clarity of presentation. (1) Some studies measure change over time within a population (allochronic) and others measure the difference between two populations that had a common ancestor in the past (synchronic). Allochronic studies can be used to estimate rates of "evolution," whereas synchronic studies more appropriately estimate rates of "divergence." Rates of divergence may range from a small fraction to many times the actual evolutionary rates in the component populations. (2) Some studies measure change using individuals captured from the wild, whereas others measure differences after rearing in a common environment. The first type of study can be used to specify "phenotypic" rates and the later "genetic" rates. (3) The most commonly used evolutionary rate metric, the darwin, has a number of theoretical shortcomings. Studies of microevolution would benefit from specifying rates in standard deviations per generation, the haldane. (4) Evolutionary rates are typically specified without an indication of their precision. Readily available methods for specifying confidence intervals and statistical significance (regression, bootstrapping, randomization) should be implemented. (5) Microevolutionists should strive to accumulate time series, which can reveal temporal shifts in the rate of evolution and can be used to identify evolutionary patterns. (6) Evolutionary rates provide a convenient way to compare the tempo of evolution across studies, traits, taxa, and time scales, but such comparisons are subject to varying degrees of confidence. Comparisons across different time scales are particularly tenuous. (7) A number of multivariate rate measures exist, but considerable theoretical development is required before their utility can be determined. We encourage the continued investigation of evolutionary rates because the information they provide is relevant to a wide range of theoretical and practical issues.