MANAGING PROBLEMS IN SPEAKING
MANAGING PROBLEMS IN SPEAKING
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DOI：
10.1016/0167-6393(94)90075-2
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发表时间：
1994-12-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
CLARK, HH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CLARK, HH
有人认为，对话中的参与者所遇到的问题实际上是共同的问题，必须共同处理。参与者有三种管理他们的策略。(1)他们试图防止可预见但可避免的问题。(2)他们警告合作伙伴可预见但不可避免的问题。以及(3)修复已经出现的问题。说话人和讲话在三个层面上协调行动：(1)说话人的发音和听话人对该发音的注意；(2)说话人对话语的陈述和听话人对该话语的识别；(3)说话人的意思和听话人对该意思的理解。有证据表明，参与者在预防、警告和修复每个级别的问题方面都有共同战略。也有证据表明，在其他条件相同的情况下，他们更喜欢预防而不是警告，更喜欢警告而不是维修。
The problems that participants in conversation have, it is argued, are really joint problems and have to be managed jointly. The participants have three types of strategies for managing them. (1) They try to prevent foreseeable but avoidable problems. (2) They warn partners of foreseeable but unavoidable problems. And (3) they repair problems that have already arisen. Speakers and addresses coordinate actions at three levels of talk: (1) the speaker's articulation and the addressees' attention to that articulation; (2) the speaker's presentation of an utterance and the addressees' identification of that utterance; and (3) the speaker's meaning and the addressees' understanding of that meaning. There is evidence that the participants have joint strategies for preventing, warning about and repairing problems at each of these levels. There is also evidence that they prefer preventatives to warnings, and warnings to repairs, all other things being equal.