Experience during development triggers between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity
Experience during development triggers between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2656.12847
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发表时间：
2018-09-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Herczeg, Gabor
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Urszan, Tamas Janos;Zsolt Garamszegi, Laszlo;Herczeg, Gabor
在过去的十年里，行为内部和行为之间的行为一致性(分别是动物人格和行为综合症)得到了积极的研究，导致了动物人格研究的出现。最近有人提出，不仅意味着行为(行为类型)，而且环境诱导的行为变化(行为可塑性)也可能在种群内的个体之间有所不同。虽然关于行为可塑性个体间差异的案例研究已经开始积累，但其出现背后的机制几乎是未知的。我们最近已经证明，在个体发育过程中，生态相关的环境刺激对于动物个性和行为综合征的发展是必要的。然而，尚不清楚行为可塑性的个体间差异是固有的还是诱导的。在这里，我们测试了在发育过程中的捕食经验是否会影响捕食者诱导的林蛙蝌蚪的行为可塑性。我们用两种个体发育捕食处理进行了一个普通的花园实验：蝌蚪是在嗅觉捕食者刺激存在或不存在的情况下孵化而成的。然后，我们在没有嗅觉捕食者刺激和存在嗅觉捕食者刺激的情况下，重复测试所有蝌蚪的活动和冒险行为。我们发现(A)捕食者诱导的行为可塑性的个体之间的差异只存在于在捕食者的嗅觉刺激存在的群体中，以及(B)先前的捕食性刺激的经验导致了群体水平的较低的可塑性反应。后一种模式是个体间差异增加的结果，而不是普遍较低的个体反应造成的。我们还发现，在发育过程中的捕食经历增加了活动的可预测性(即减少了与环境变化无关的个体内差异)，但不增加了冒险行为。与此相一致，在感知捕食风险下发育的蝌蚪表现出更高的可重复性。我们认为，与生态相关的环境刺激不仅是动物个性和行为综合征发展的基础，也是行为可塑性的个体差异的基础。因此，经验对于在许多层面上出现个人行为差异是至关重要的。
Behavioural consistency within and across behaviours (animal personality and behavioural syndrome, respectively) has been vigorously studied in the last decade, leading to the emergence of animal personality research. It has been proposed recently that not only mean behaviour (behavioural type), but the environmentally induced behavioural change (behavioural plasticity) might also differ between individuals within populations. While case studies presenting between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity have started to accumulate, the mechanisms behind its emergence are virtually unknown. We have recently demonstrated that ecologically relevant environmental stimuli during ontogeny are necessary for the development of animal personality and behavioural syndromes. However, it is unknown whether between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity is hard-wired or induced. Here, we tested whether experience with predation during development affected predator-induced behavioural plasticity in Rana dalmatina tadpoles. We ran a common garden experiment with two ontogenetic predation treatments: tadpoles developed from hatching in either the presence or absence of olfactory predator stimuli. Then, we assayed all tadpoles repeatedly for activity and risk-taking both in the absence and presence of olfactory predator stimuli. We found that (a) between-individual variation in predator-induced behavioural plasticity was present only in the group that developed in the presence of olfactory stimuli from predators and (b) previous experience with predatory stimuli resulted in lower plastic response at the group level. The latter pattern resulted from increased between-individual variation and not from universally lower individual responses. We also found that experience with predation during development increased the predictability (i.e. decreased the within-individual variation unrelated to environmental change) of activity, but not risk-taking. In line with this, tadpoles developing under perceived predatory risk expressed their activity with higher repeatability. We suggest that ecologically relevant environmental stimuli are not only fundamental for the development of animal personality and behavioural syndromes, but also for individual variation in behavioural plasticity. Thus, experience is of central importance for the emergence of individual behavioural variation at many levels.