What artificial urine composition is adequate for simulating soil N2O fluxes and mineral N dynamics?
What artificial urine composition is adequate for simulating soil N2O fluxes and mineral N dynamics?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.11.030
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发表时间：
2006-07-01
影响因子：
9.7
通讯作者：
van Groenigen, Jan Willem
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kool, Dorien M.;Hoffland, Ellis;van Groenigen, Jan Willem
人工尿液是一种含氮化合物和盐的水溶液，通常用于土壤培养研究一氧化二氮（N2 O）排放和相关的氮（N）和pH值动态。然而，对人造尿组成没有共识，并且使用各种各样的组成。本研究的目的是测试的人工尿组成是足够的模拟N2 O通量，呼吸，土壤矿质氮和pH值动态的真实的牛尿在短期和长期的培养研究。将不同组成的尿液溶液施加到桑迪土壤中并培养65天，并在前5天以及整个培养期内分析N2 O通量和土壤矿质氮的测量结果。将已知含氮成分的两种真实的牛尿液（R1和R2）的结果与三种人工尿液类型进行比较：（i）尿素+甘氨酸（AG），（ii）尿素+马尿酸（AH）和（iii）与真实的尿液R1（AR）的含氮成分相同的人工尿液。在前5天，只有累积的N2 O排放量AG偏离显着（P = 0.02）的N2 O排放量的真实的尿，与0.4%的应用N排放相比，0.0%和0.1%的R1和R2，分别。R1的呼吸显著（P < 0.001）高于R-2和所有人工尿。在整个孵化期内，N2 O排放量或呼吸与尿液类型没有显着差异。从所有的人造尿液类型，AH产生的N2 O排放量最接近那些从真实的尿液。在短期和长期孵育中，AG偏离真实的尿液最多。在整个试验期间，所有人工尿的土壤NH 4+均高于真实尿（P < 0.001），AG和AR的土壤pH-KCl低于真实的尿（P = 0.004）。AH与真实的尿液R2在除土壤NH 4+外的所有测量特性方面均无显著差异。我们的结论是，只有AG没有充分模拟N2 O的排放量，因此，甘氨酸是不是一个合适的替代马尿酸在人工尿液。因此，对于未来使用人造尿的研究，我们建议使用至少含有尿素和马尿酸的混合物作为N的来源。由于在所有测量变量方面，没有任何人造尿液成分与真实的尿液相似，即使含氮成分相同（AR），我们建议尽可能使用真实的尿液。(c)2006爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Artificial urine, an aqueous solution of various nitrogenous compounds and salts, is routinely used in soil incubation studies on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and related nitrogen (N) and pH dynamics. There is, however, no consensus on artificial urine composition, and a wide variety of compositions are used. The aim of this study was to test which artificial urine composition is adequate for simulating N2O fluxes, respiration, soil mineral N and pH dynamics of real cattle urine in both short- and long-term incubation studies. Urine solutions of differing compositions were applied to a sandy soil and incubated for 65 days, and results of measurements on N2O fluxes and soil mineral N were analyzed over the first 5 days as well as over the whole incubation period. Results from two real cattle urines with known nitrogenous composition (R1 and R2) were compared with three artificial urine types: (i) urea + glycine (AG), (ii) urea + hippuric acid (AH) and (iii) an artificial urine identical to the nitrogenous composition of real urine R1 (AR). During the first 5 days, only cumulative N2O emissions for AG deviated significantly (P = 0.02) from the N2O emissions for real urines, with 0.4% of applied N emitted compared with 0.0% and 0.1% for R1 and R2, respectively. Respiration from R1 was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than from R-2 and all artificial urines. Over the whole incubation period, no significant differences could be detected for N2O emissions or respiration with urine type. From all artificial urine types, AH yielded N2O emissions closest to those from real urine. AG deviated most from real urine, both in short- and long-term incubations. Over the whole period, soil NH4+ was higher for all artificial urines (P < 0.001) and pH-KCl was lower for AG and AR (P = 0.004) than for the real urines. AH was not significantly different from real urine R2 with respect to all measured properties except soil NH4+. We conclude that only AG did not adequately simulate N2O emissions, and that glycine is therefore not an appropriate substitution for hippuric acid in artificial urine. For future studies using artificial urine we recommend therefore a mixture containing at least urea and hippuric acid as sources of N. As no artificial urine composition resembled real urine with respect to all measured variables, even when nitrogenous composition was identical (AR), we recommend the use of real urines whenever possible. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.