Geospatial air quality complaints and implications for urban respiratory health.
Geospatial air quality complaints and implications for urban respiratory health.
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地理空间空气质量投诉及其对城市呼吸健康的影响。
DOI：
10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00385-5
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Overdevest,JonathanB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shah,Jaffer;Saak,TianaM;Tervo,JeremyP;Overdevest,JonathanB
室内空气质量差(IAQ)与各种不利的健康后果有关，最明显的是呼吸道疾病，如哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病和肺癌。在纽约市(NYC)等城市地区，室外空气质量(OAQ)一直较差，由于住宅面积较小、通风不足和人口密度较高，这种环境可能会加剧城市中糟糕的室内空气质量。因此，室内空气质量可能会比室外空气质量差得多，而室外空气质量的问题可能会因为附近的社会经济状况而变得更加复杂。纽约市卫生和精神卫生部门(DOHMH)保留了与室内环境问题有关的投诉的公共记录。在这里，我们提供了从2010年7月10日到2022年12月31日的76,298个室内空气质量记录的分析，以探索它们对健康的影响。数据来自DOHMH室内环境投诉记录。数据集包括个人级别的信息，如投诉的地理位置和性质。我们分析了投诉类型在纽约各区的分布，按人口规模对投诉数量进行加权，以考虑密度的差异。室内空气质量投诉远远超过其他环境事件报告，而且各行政区的投诉量和类型都具有统计意义，采用卡方检验(χ？；图1)。按投诉类型评估报告趋势显示，室内空气质量投诉率增加，而其他报告类别保持一致。(图2)。在过去几年中，室内空气质量投诉的增加导致了报告总数的总体增加；然而，我们发现这种关系与人口的增加成正比。直观地显示室内空气质量投诉的地理空间分布，根据投诉数量显示每个邮政编码，以确定可能需要更多资源或干预来改善室内空气质量的领域(图3)。更细粒度的分析显示，曼哈顿上西区、西哈莱姆区和下东区的居民提交的投诉比例更高，皇后区(投诉较少的行政区)的一个邮政编码提交的投诉比纽约市其他任何邮政编码都多，投诉的差异可归因于多种因素，包括当地室外空气质量、邻近社区的商业租约、固有的建筑质量和居民的气质。长期以来，OAQ一直与呼吸道健康问题联系在一起--例如，儿童哮喘。通常与呼吸问题有关的室外污染物包括细颗粒物(PM2·5)、臭氧、二氧化氮和二氧化硫。OAQ受到炎热和潮湿等季节性天气条件以及环境事件的影响，监管起来具有挑战性。值得注意的是，加拿大的野火使纽约市在2023年6月7日成为世界上污染最严重的城市。随着野火和其他自然灾害的频繁发生，糟糕的空气质量仍将是一个紧迫的问题。与决定室外空气质量的动态环境因素不同，改善室内空气质量的努力可以产生更可控的结果。室内空气污染物，包括PM2·5、一氧化碳、挥发性有机化合物(如含苯、甲苯、二甲苯的家用清洁剂和使用甲醛的固有建筑材料)，以及居住者的习惯，如烹饪或吸烟物质(如烟草或电子烟)，都是导致室内空气质量差的原因。通风不足加剧了这些污染物的负面影响，这是许多节能建筑和家庭的共同特征。与OAQ类似，室内空气污染与…有着长期的关系
Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) is associated with various adverse health outcomes, most notably respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. Outdoor air quality (OAQ) is consistently worse in urban areas, such as New York City (NYC), and this environment can exacerbate poor IAQ in cities due to smaller dwelling size, inadequate ventilation, and high population density. Consequently, IAQ can be substantially worse than outdoor air quality, where air quality concerns might be compounded by neighbourhood socioeconomic status. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) maintains public records of complaints filed regarding indoor environmental concerns. Herein, we present an analysis of 76 298 IAQ records from July 10, 2010, to Dec 31, 2022, exploring their health implications. Data were obtained from the DOHMH Indoor Environmental Complaints records. The dataset includes individual-level information, such as the geographical location and nature of the complaint. We analysed the distribution of complaint type across NYC boroughs, weighting the number of complaints by population size to account for differences in density. IAQ complaints greatly surpass other environmental event reports, and both complaint volume and type across boroughs are statistically significant with Chi squared (χ²; figure 1). Evaluating reporting trends by complaint type showed an increased rate of IAQ complaints, whereas other reporting categories have remained consistent.(figure 2). Elevated IAQ complaints have contributed to the overall increase in total reporting in the past few years; however, we found this relationship to be proportional to the increase in population. A visual representation of the geospatial distribution of IAQ complaints shows each zip code shaded according to the number of complaints, identifying areas that might require more resources or interventions to improve IAQ (figure 3). A more granular analysis shows that residents in the Upper West Side, West Harlem, and the Lower East Side file a larger share of the Manhattan complaints, with one zip code in Queens (a borough with fewer complaints) filing more complaints than any other NYC zip code, variations attributable to a myriad of factors, including local outdoor air quality, adjacent neighbourhood commercial tenancy, intrinsic building qualities, and resident temperament. OAQ has been long associated with respiratory health concerns—eg, with childhood asthma. Outdoor pollutants commonly linked to respiratory issues include fine particulate matter (PM2· 5), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. OAQ, with influences imparted by seasonal weather conditions such as heat and humidity, as well as environmental events, is challenging to regulate. Notably, the Canadian wildfires made NYC the most polluted city in the world on June 7, 2023. With an increasing frequency of wildfires and other natural disasters, poor air quality will continue to be a pressing issue. Unlike the dynamic environmental factors that dictate outdoor air quality, efforts to improve IAQ can yield more controllable results. Indoor air pollutants including PM2· 5, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (such as household cleaning agents containing benzene, toluene, xylenes, and intrinsic building materials using formaldehyde), along with occupant habits such as cooking or smoking substances (such as tobacco or e-cigarettes), each contribute to poor IAQ. The negative effect of these pollutants is exacerbated by inadequate ventilation, a common feature of many energy-saving buildings and homes. Similar to OAQ, indoor air pollution has a long-standing relationship …