SELFISH AND SPITEFUL BEHAVIOUR IN AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL
SELFISH AND SPITEFUL BEHAVIOUR IN AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL
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DOI：
10.1038/2281218a0
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发表时间：
1970-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
HAMILTON, WD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HAMILTON, WD
动物攻击同类、将同类赶出领地、甚至杀死并吞食同类的事件屡见不鲜。他们可以被描述为生物学上自私的例子。这种影响包括两个明显的部分：胜利者的收获（在适应度上）和受害者的损失。确保收益的努力很容易被理解为适应性：这是对达尔文所说的“生存斗争”的基本反应。但是，考虑到更具争议性的进化论流行语——“适者生存”——对对手的伤害是否总是仅仅是适应生存的不幸后果，似乎是一个被忽视的问题。这种伤害本身能适应吗？或者更接近于测试的可能性，我们会期望动物为了伤害另一个动物而准备伤害自己吗？这种行为可以被称为恶意。它被观察过吗？
INCIDENTS in which an animal attacks another of the same species, drives it from a territory, or even kills and devours it are commonplace. They may be described as examples of biological selfishness. The effect consists of two obvious parts: the gains (in fitness) of the victor and the losses of the victim. Attempts to secure the gains are easily understood to be adaptive: this is the fundamental response to what Darwin called the “struggle for existence”. But, considering the more controversial catch-phrase of evolutionary theory—“the survival of the fittest”—it seems to be a neglected question whether the harm delivered to an adversary is always merely an unfortunate consequence of adaptations for survival. Could such harm ever be adaptive in itself ? Or nearer, to the possibility of a test, would we ever expect an animal to be ready to harm itself in order to harm another more ? Such behaviour could be called spite. Is it ever observed ?