Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines
Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00876.x
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发表时间：
2004-02-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Rodríguez, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barrios, L;Rodríguez, A
1.风力发电厂有造成鸟类死亡的风险，但其影响仍然难以量化。我们测量了鸟类死亡率，分析了导致鸟类飞近涡轮机的因素，并在直布罗陀海峡（欧洲和非洲之间最重要的迁徙瓶颈之一）安装的两个风电场提出了缓解措施。沿着涡轮机线路和相关的电力线路对鸟类尸体进行了沿着调查，以估计死亡率。在涡轮机250米范围内观察到的鸟类行为也被记录为假定的风险指标。使用广义线性模型（GLM）分析了位置、天气和飞行行为对风险情况（在涡轮机5米范围内通过）的影响。涡轮机造成的死亡率高于电力线造成的死亡率。损失主要涉及留居物种，主要是鹰鹫Gyps fulvus（0.15个个体涡轮机（-1）年（-1））和普通红隼Falco tinnunculus（0.19个个体涡轮机（-1）年（-1））。死亡率与风力发电场的结构属性或可行性无关。秃鹫碰撞发生在秋冬季节，集中在碰撞风险最大的两条涡轮机生产线。冬季缺乏热气流迫使秃鹫使用斜坡升降，这是影响它们暴露于涡轮机和死亡率的最可能机制。红隼的死亡发生在夏季的年度高峰期。尸体集中在一个单一的风力发电场周围的开放栖息地和风险可能导致狩猎栖息地的偏好。合成与应用。我们的结论是，在风力发电设施的鸟类脆弱性和死亡率反映了特定的网站（风救济的相互作用），物种特异性和季节性因素的组合。尽管研究区域有大量的候鸟，但大多数候鸟都遵循从设施中迁移的路线。因此，只有一小部分迁徙飞行的鸟类实际上暴露在涡轮机下。在安装新的风力装置之前，必须对飞翔的鸟类进行详细的行为观察，并仔细绘制迁徙路线。
1. Wind power plants represent a risk of bird mortality, but the effects are still poorly quantified. We measured bird mortality, analysed the factors that led birds to fly close to turbines, and proposed mitigation measures at two wind farms installed in the Straits of Gibraltar, one of the most important migration bottlenecks between Europe and Africa.2. Bird corpses were surveyed along turbine lines and an associated power line to estimate mortality rates. The behaviour of birds observed within 250 m of turbines was also recorded as a putative indicator of risk. The effects of location, weather and flight behaviour on risk situations (passes within 5 m of turbines) were analysed using generalized linear modelling (GLM).3. Mortality caused by turbines was higher than that caused by the power line. Losses involved mainly resident species, mostly griffon vultures Gyps fulvus (0.15 individuals turbine(-1) year(-1)) and common kestrels Falco tinnunculus (0.19 individuals turbine(-1) year(-1)). Mortalities were not associated with either structural attributes of wind farms or visibility.4. Vulture collisions occurred in autumn-winter and were aggregated at two turbine lines where risks of collisions were greatest. The absence of thermals in winter forced vultures to use slopes for lift, the most likely mechanism influencing both their exposure to turbines and mortality.5. Kestrel deaths occurred during the annual peak of abundance in summer. Carcasses were concentrated in the open habitats around a single wind farm and risk may have resulted from hunting habitat preferences.6. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that bird vulnerability and mortality at wind power facilities reflect a combination of site-specific (wind-relief interaction), species-specific and seasonal factors. Despite the large number of migrating birds in the study area, most follow routes that are displaced from the facilities. Consequently, only a small fraction of birds on migratory flights was actually exposed to turbines. New wind installations must be preceded by detailed behavioural observation of soaring birds as well as careful mapping of migration routes.