A re-assessment of Basketmaker II cave 7: massacre site or cemetery context
A re-assessment of Basketmaker II cave 7: massacre site or cemetery context
复制标题
对《编篮人 II》第 7 号洞穴的重新评估：屠杀现场或墓地背景
DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.018
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Michael D. Lewis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Coltrain;J. Janetski;Michael D. Lewis
我们正在进行的对美国西南部早期玉米种植的调查，包括对来自四角地区遗址的篮子制造者II遗骸进行稳定同位素分析和加速器放射性碳定年。在这里，我们报告了Richard Wetherill于1893年从犹他州东南部的一个埋葬洞穴中挖掘出的一个大型尸体组合的放射性碳年代。长期以来，人们一直认为，在7号洞穴中埋葬的所有人都是在一次暴力袭击中被屠杀的，因为有嵌入的投射物和钝器外伤的证据。然而，对纯化骨胶原（n = 96）进行的加速器放射性碳测年并不能有力地支持这一论点，即使在有明确证据表明遭受暴力伤害的个体中也是如此。此外，在研究中检查的7号洞穴中，近80%的墓葬没有显示出死前创伤的证据，也没有成年女性或12岁以下的未成年人死于暴力。7号洞穴的放射性碳数据集表明，在犹他州东南部的篮子制造者群体中，袭击和群体内，男性/男性暴力是偶然的，而不是异常的单一事件屠杀。人口密度相对较高，在7号洞穴和该地区其他地方埋葬的个体严重依赖玉米农业，这是一种史前经济战略，其典型特征是生产力的大幅波动。7号洞穴男性墓葬和其他地方墓穴物品的多样性表明，在资源短缺时期，竞争性的社会分化可能会加剧，从而导致群体内部冲突、袭击和可能仪式化的暴力行为。
Our ongoing investigation of early maize farming in the American Southwest has entailed stable isotope analysis and accelerator radiocarbon dating of Basketmaker II remains from sites in the Four Corners region. Here we report radiocarbon dates on a large mortuary assemblage excavated by Richard Wetherill in 1893 from a burial cave in southeastern Utah. It has long been thought that all individuals interred in Cave 7 were massacred in a single violent attack given embedded projectiles and evidence for blunt force trauma. However, accelerator radiocarbon dates on purified bone collagen (n = 96) do not lend strong support to this argument, even among the subset of individuals with clear evidence for violent injuries. Moreover, nearly 80% of Cave 7 burials examined in the study show no evidence of perimortem trauma and no adult females or subadults under the age of 12 appear to have suffered violent deaths. Rather than an anomalous single-event massacre, the Cave 7 radiocarbon dataset suggests that raiding and intra-group, male/male violence was episodic among Basketmaker groups in southeastern Utah. Population densities were relatively high and individuals interred in Cave 7 and elsewhere in the region were heavily dependent on maize agriculture, a prehistoric economic strategy typically characterized by high amplitude fluctuations in productivity. Variability in the array of grave goods accompanying Cave 7 male burials and elsewhere suggests competitive social differentiation likely heightened during periods of resource shortfall leading to intra-group conflict, raiding and perhaps ritualized acts of violence.