INTRACLUTCH DIFFERENCES IN EGG CHARACTERISTICS MITIGATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF AGE-RELATED HIERARCHIES IN A WILD PASSERINE
INTRACLUTCH DIFFERENCES IN EGG CHARACTERISTICS MITIGATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF AGE-RELATED HIERARCHIES IN A WILD PASSERINE
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DOI：
10.1111/evo.12143
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Crouch, Nicholas M. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hadfield, Jarrod D.;Heap, Elizabeth A.;Crouch, Nicholas M. A.
在许多物种中，个体兄弟姐妹的相对年龄是适应性变化的主要原因。在蓝山雀（Cyanistes caeruleus），我们表明，年龄层次结构主要是由孵化排除完成，这样，最后产卵孵化晚于早期奠定的鸡蛋。然而，在统计学上控制孵化行为后，晚产的蛋显示出比早产的蛋更快地孵化，减少了孵化的量。通过实验切换早，晚产蛋巢之间的一天，他们被奠定了，我们控制的差异孵化的影响，发现更快的孵化时间晚产蛋仍然存在。早期孵化的小鸡更重，有更高的初出茅庐的可能性，从实验蛋孵化的小鸡的生长和生存模式与此一致。蛋质量解释了这种变化的一小部分，但其余的必须是由于鸡蛋组成。这些结果是一致的想法，鸡蛋之间的内在差异在整个产卵序列有助于减轻年龄相关的层次结构的影响。我们还表明，在产前发育率离合器之间的变化存在，它主要是环境的起源，而不是遗传。
The relative age of an individual's siblings is a major cause of fitness variation in many species. In Blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), we show that age hierarchies are predominantly caused by incubation preclutch completion, such that last laid eggs hatch later than early laid eggs. However, after statistically controlling for incubation behavior late laid eggs are shown to hatch more quickly than early laid eggs reducing the amount of asynchrony. By experimentally switching early and late laid eggs between nests on the day they were laid, we controlled for the effect of differential incubation and found that the faster hatching times of late laid eggs remains. Chicks that hatched earlier were heavier and had higher probability of fledgling, and chicks that hatched from experimental eggs had patterns of growth and survival consistent with this. Egg mass explained a small part of this variation, but the remainder must be due to egg composition. These results are consistent with the idea that intrinsic differences between eggs across the laying sequence serve to mitigate the effects of age-related hierarchies. We also show that between-clutch variation in prenatal developmental rate exists and that it is mainly environmental in origin rather than genetic.