eview tress revisited : A critical evaluation of the stress concept
eview tress revisited : A critical evaluation of the stress concept
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J. Koolhaas;A. Bartolomucci;B. Buwalda;S. Boer;G. Flügge;S. Korte;P. Meerlo;R. Murison;B. Olivier;P. Palanza;G. Richter-Levin;A. Sgoifo;T. Steimer;O. Stiedl;G. V. Dijk;M. Wöhr;E. Fuchs
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作者：
J. Koolhaas;A. Bartolomucci;B. Buwalda;S. Boer;G. Flügge;S. Korte;P. Meerlo;R. Murison;B. Olivier;P. Palanza;G. Richter-Levin;A. Sgoifo;T. Steimer;O. Stiedl;G. V. Dijk;M. Wöhr;E. Fuchs
随着应力研究领域出版物数量的稳步增加，应力概念的传统用法显然存在相当大的问题。在我们看来，将“压力”一词用于从最温和的挑战性刺激到严重厌恶的条件都是不恰当的。文献回顾表明，生理“压力”的反应，食欲，奖励刺激，往往不被认为是压力源可以作为大的反应，负面刺激。运动过程中的生理反应的分析支持这样的观点，即神经内分泌反应的大小反映了行为活动所需的代谢和生理需求。我们建议，“压力”一词应限于环境需求超过生物体自然调节能力的条件，特别是包括不可预测性和不可控制性的情况。从生理学上讲，压力的特点似乎是缺乏预期的反应（不可预测）或神经内分泌反应的恢复减少（不可控制）。这种限制性的定义的压力研究和解释的结果方面的适应性和/或适应不良的反应性质的后果进行了讨论。
With the steadily increasing number of publications in the field of stress research it has become evident that the conventional usage of the stress concept bears considerable problems. The use of the term 'stress' to conditions ranging from even the mildest challenging stimulation to severely aversive conditions, is in our view inappropriate. Review of the literature reveals that the physiological 'stress' response to appetitive, rewarding stimuli that are often not considered to be stressors can be as large as the response to negative stimuli. Analysis of the physiological response during exercise supports the view that the magnitude of the neuroendocrine response reflects the metabolic and physiological demands required for behavioural activity. We propose that the term 'stress' should be restricted to conditions where an environmental demand exceeds the natural regulatory capacity of an organism, in particular situations that include unpredictability and uncontrollability. Physiologically, stress seems to be characterized by either the absence of an anticipatory response (unpredictable) or a reduced recovery (uncontrollable) of the neuroendocrine reaction. The consequences of this restricted definition for stress research and the interpretation of results in terms of the adaptive and/or maladaptive nature of the response are discussed.