How the visual aspects can be crucial in reading acquisition: The intriguing case of crowding and developmental dyslexia
How the visual aspects can be crucial in reading acquisition: The intriguing case of crowding and developmental dyslexia
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DOI：
10.1167/15.1.8
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Facoetti, Andrea
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gori, Simone;Facoetti, Andrea
发育性阅读障碍（DD）是最常见的神经发育障碍（约占不同文化背景下儿童的10%），其特征是学习阅读存在严重困难。根据主流观点，DD被认为是一种语音加工障碍，可能与跨通道，字母到语音的声音整合缺陷。然而，新的理论-支持一致的数据-表明，轻度缺陷，在低层次的视觉和听觉处理可能会导致DD。该证据支持DD的概率和多因素方法。其中，一个有趣的视觉缺陷，往往与DD是过度的视觉拥挤。拥挤被定义为当被类似的物品包围时识别物体的能力的困难。通常在周边视觉中观察到的拥挤可以通过注意过程来调节。更强的拥挤对阅读的直接后果是当字母被其他字母包围时无法识别字母。这个问题直接转化为阅读速度较慢，并且在阅读时更容易出错。我们的目的是回顾文献支持拥挤在DD中的重要作用。此外，我们有兴趣提出新的可能的研究，以澄清是否观察到的过度拥挤可能是一个原因，而不是DD的影响。最后，我们还建议可能的补救措施，甚至预防计划，可以减少拥挤的儿童或风险DD不涉及任何语音或正字法的培训。
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder (about 10% of children across cultures) characterized by severe difficulties in learning to read. According to the dominant view, DD is considered a phonological processing impairment that might be linked to a cross-modal, letter-to-speech sound integration deficit. However, new theories-supported by consistent data-suggest that mild deficits in low-level visual and auditory processing can lead to DD. This evidence supports the probabilistic and multifactorial approach for DD. Among others, an interesting visual deficit that is often associated with DD is excessive visual crowding. Crowding is defined as difficulty in the ability to recognize objects when surrounded by similar items. Crowding, typically observed in peripheral vision, could be modulated by attentional processes. The direct consequence of stronger crowding on reading is the inability to recognize letters when they are surrounded by other letters. This problem directly translates to reading at a slower speed and being more prone to making errors while reading. Our aim is to review the literature supporting the important role of crowding in DD. Moreover, we are interested in proposing new possible studies in order to clarify whether the observed excessive crowding could be a cause rather than an effect of DD. Finally, we also suggest possible remediation and even prevention programs that could be based on reducing the crowding in children with or at risk for DD without involving any phonological or orthographic training.