Properties and Propositions: The Metaphysics of Higher-Order Logic , by Robert Trueman
Properties and Propositions: The Metaphysics of Higher-Order Logic , by Robert Trueman
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属性和命题：高阶逻辑的形而上学，作者：罗伯特·特鲁曼
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Jones N
在当代形而上学中，有两种类似的等级制度扮演着重要的角色。一个是表达的逻辑语言层次：单数术语这些表达式联合收割机组成句子，然后层次结构进一步扩展，谓词把句子作为参数（即，谓词运算符）、以前面那些谓词为参数的谓词，等等。这些表达式也联合收割机组合成进一步的句子，我们又开始了。另一个层次是一个形而上学的层次（主要是）非语言实体：对象，对象的属性，对象的属性的属性，等等。这些实体联合收割机形成进一步的实体，它们被称为事态，命题，真值条件，和世界的方式;我称之为命题。一旦有了命题，形而上学的等级体系就进一步扩展为命题的性质，命题的性质的性质，等等，它们联合收割机结合起来形成进一步的命题，然后.
Two analogous hierarchies play a prominent role in contemporary metaphysics. One is a logico-linguistic hierarchy of expressions: singular terms (henceforth simply ‘terms’), predicates taking terms as arguments, predicates taking those previous predicates as arguments, and so on. Those expressions combine to form sentences, and the hierarchy then further expands with predicates taking sentences as arguments (that is, sentential operators), predicates taking those previous predicates as arguments, and so on. Those expressions also combine to form further sentences, and off we go again.The other hierarchy is a metaphysical hierarchy of (mostly) nonlinguistic entities: objects, properties of objects, properties of properties of objects, and so on. Those entities combine to form further entities variously called states of affairs, propositions, truth conditions, and ways for the world to be; I call them propositions. Once supplied with propositions, the metaphysical hierarchy then further expands with properties of propositions, properties of properties of propositions, and so on, which combine to form further propositions, and… well, you get the picture.