FOODS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL RISKS
FOODS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL RISKS
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DOI：
10.1099/00221287-140-4-687
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发表时间：
1994-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
BAIRDPARKER, AC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BAIRDPARKER, AC
因食用受传染性和致病性微生物污染的食物而引起的疾病是全世界痛苦和死亡的一个主要原因（艾伦和Kaferstein，1983年）。在非洲，亚洲据估计，在中国（不包括中国）和拉丁美洲，每年有超过10亿例五岁以下儿童患肠胃炎，多达500万人死亡，其中大多数是由于食用受污染的食物艾德的（Kaferstein和西姆斯，1987）;在一些国家，例如墨西哥和泰国，0-4岁的儿童中有一半仅患有弯曲杆菌肠炎。在欧洲，食源性疾病的发病率仅次于呼吸道疾病，最近的疾病估计表明，在许多欧洲国家，每年每百万人口至少有50000例急性胃肠炎，最近对荷兰提出的数字为300000例（Guiguet et al.，1992年; Notermans & van der Giessen，1993年）。货车。对美国的估计甚至更高，最近的一项估计表明，每年每百万人口中多达350000人患有急性胃肠炎，其中大部分可能与受污染的食物有关（Archer & Kvenberg，1985）。虽然发达国家的食源性疾病死亡率远低于发展中国家，但人们日益认识到，1至5 '6次急性胃肠炎发作会导致严重的、往往是慢性的后遗症，包括类风湿性疾病（如强直性脊柱炎和赖特综合征），营养和吸收不良问题，溶血性尿毒综合征（由大肠杆菌的产毒素菌株，特别是血清型0 1 57：H7引起）和其它疾病，如动脉粥样硬化和弯曲杆菌属感染后的格林-巴利综合征。（Archer，1984，1987; Archer & Young，1988; NACMCF，1993; Smith等人，1993年）。食源性疾病的经济成本是巨大的。因此，托德（1989年）估计美国每年的费用为84亿美元。大多数国家报告沙门氏菌病和弯曲杆菌肠炎是食源性疾病的主要原因，但正如预期的那样，存在一些国家差异，这在一定程度上反映了饮食习惯。因此，在日本，生鱼是饮食的主要组成部分，因此海洋微生物Vihrio parahemohticas是食物中毒的主要原因之一。其他有趣的国家差异可以在引起特定疾病的食物中找到。因此，在欧洲，食用鱼引起的肉毒杆菌中毒最常发生在斯堪的纳维亚国家，而在中欧和东欧国家，大多数病例是由于食用肉类引起的;蔬菜（包括植物性产品）最常发生在美国（Baird-Parker，1969）。
Illness caused by the consumption of food contaminated with infectious and toxigenic micro-organisms is a major cause of suffering and a very significant cause of death throughout the world (Allen & Kaferstein, 1983). In Africa, Asia (excluding China) and Latin America, it has been estimated that annually there are more than 1000 million cases of gastro-enteritis amongst children under the age of five and up to 5 million deaths, and most are cau\ed by the consumption of contaminated food (Kaferstein & Sims, 1987); in some countries, eg Mexico and Thailand, half of the children aged between 0-4 years suffer from Campylobacter enteritis alone. In Europe, morbidity from foodborne illness is second only to respiratory diseases and recent estimates of illness would indicate that in many European countries there are at least 50 000 cases of acute gastro-enteritis per million population per year with a figure of 300000 recently suggested for the Netherlands (Guiguet et al., 1992; Notermans & van der Giessen, 1993). Estimates for the USA are even higher and one recent estimate suggests that up to 350000 persons per million population per year suffer acute ga4tro-enteritis and the majority of this is probably associated with contaminated food (Archer & Kvenberg, 1985). Whilst death rates from foodborne illness are considerably lower in developed than in developing countries, it is increasingly recognized that between 1 and 5'6 of episodes of acute gastro-enteritis lead to serious, and often chronic, sequelae including rheumatoid conditions (such as ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome), nutritional and malabsorption problems, ha e mo 1 y t i c-u raemi c s y ndr o me (caused by ve r o t oxin-pr o-ducing strains of Escherichia coli, and particularly serotype 0 1 57: H7), and other illnesses such as atherosclerosis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome following infection by Campylobacter spp.(Archer, 1984, 1987; Archer & Young, 1988; NACMCF, 1993; Smith et al., 1993). The cost of foodborne illness in economic terms is enormous. Thus a figure of 8.4 billion dollars per annum has been estimated for the USA by Todd (1989).Most countries report salmonellosis and Campylobacter enteritis as the principal causes of foodborne illness, but as might be expected there are some country differences, this somewhat mirroring eating habits. Thus in Japan, raw fish is a major component of the diet and thus the marine micro-organism Vihrio parahaemohticas is one of the main causes of food poisoning. Other interesting country differences can be found amongst the foods causing specific illness. Thus in Europe, botulism from the consumption of fish occurs most frequently in Scandinavian countries, whereas in middle and eastern European countries most cases result from the consumption of meat; vegetables (including plant-based products) are most often involved in the USA (Baird-Parker, 1969).