Copper granulation: scientific analysis on the ornaments from the coronet of Lady Pei of the early Tang Dynasty (618–712 A.D.) in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
Copper granulation: scientific analysis on the ornaments from the coronet of Lady Pei of the early Tang Dynasty (618–712 A.D.) in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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铜粒化：对中国陕西西安初唐（公元 618 年至 712 年）裴氏冠饰的科学分析
DOI：
10.1007/s12520-019-00929-x
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发表时间：
2019-09
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Junkai Yang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Panpan Tan;Junchang Yang;Yaozheng Zheng;Junkai Yang
造粒是一种古老的金属制品装饰技术。颗粒状的发现通常是由贵金属如金和银制成的，而铜的颗粒状非常罕见，甚至有人声称在古代没有使用过。本文对中国西安一座初唐墓中出土的佩夫人（公元691年）镀金冠上的颗粒铜饰进行了科学分析。除了常用的x射线照相、金相观察、扫描电镜观察（包括能量色散光谱）等方法检查颗粒的微观结构和元素组成外，还首次使用x射线显微计算机断层扫描技术对颗粒内部微观结构进行了研究。结果证实，铜质造粒技术用于冠饰。值得注意的是，进一步的研究表明，铜颗粒和导线是用银铜合金硬焊料连接到基体上的，并得出了合金混合比的估计。这些观察结果被用来推断制作过程：首先将两种大小的铜颗粒钎焊到电线和衬底上，然后使用汞给整个装饰品镀金。这项工作为研究古代造粒技术提供了新的见解，特别是通过对非常罕见的铜器工作实例的科学研究。
Granulation is an ancient decorative technique for metalwork. Granulated finds are most commonly made of precious metals such as gold and silver, while copper granulation is very rare, and it has even been claimed that it was not employed in antiquity. This paper presents a scientific analysis of granulated copper ornaments from a gilded coronet belonging to Lady Pei (d. 691 A.D.) that was uncovered from an early Tang Dynasty tomb in Xi’an, China. In addition to common methods such as X-ray radiography, metallographic investigation, and scanning electron microscope observation including energy dispersive spectroscopy to examine the microstructure and elemental composition, X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to investigate the internal microstructure of granulation for the first time. The results affirm that copper granulation technique was used to decorate the coronet. Notably, further study shows that the copper granules and wires were joined to the substrate with silver–copper alloy hard solder and arrives at an estimate of the alloy mixing ratio. These observations are used to infer the manufacturing process: copper granules of two sizes were first brazed to the wires and substrate, and then mercury was used to gild the whole ornament. This work provides new insights for the study of ancient granulation techniques, especially through the scientific study of the very rare examples of copper work.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.09.032
发表时间：
2017-12
期刊：
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
影响因子：
--
作者：
S. Scrivano;C. Ruberto;B. Gómez-Tubío;A. Mazzinghi;I. Ortega-Feliu;F. Ager;K. Laclavetine;L. Giuntini;M. A. Respaldiza
通讯作者：
S. Scrivano;C. Ruberto;B. Gómez-Tubío;A. Mazzinghi;I. Ortega-Feliu;F. Ager;K. Laclavetine;L. Giuntini;M. A. Respaldiza
DOI：
10.1017/9781139031509.012
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Dearnley
通讯作者：
P. Dearnley
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
J. Wolters
通讯作者：
J. Wolters
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1983
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
T. Hackens;R. Winkes
通讯作者：
T. Hackens;R. Winkes
DOI：
10.23858/sa69.2017.008
发表时间：
2017-11
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
M. Natuniewicz-Sekuła
通讯作者：
M. Natuniewicz-Sekuła