Knowing the Risk: Crickets Distinguish between Spider Predators of Different Size and Commonness
Knowing the Risk: Crickets Distinguish between Spider Predators of Different Size and Commonness
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DOI：
10.1111/eth.12183
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Menzel, Florian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Binz, Hellena;Bucher, Roman;Menzel, Florian
捕食者无意中将化学物质和其他线索释放到环境中，猎物可以利用这些线索来评估捕食者的存在。因此，被捕食生物可以执行特定的反捕食者行为，以降低捕食风险，这可能强烈地影响营养相互作用的结果。与水生系统相比，到目前为止，陆生节肢动物中线索驱动的反捕食者行为的研究只涵盖了很少的物种。在这里，我们调查了林蟋蟀对14种潜在捕食者同种蜘蛛的反捕食行为的发生和强度。我们使用了两个不同的行为竞技场实验来研究捕食者线索对木蟋蟀活动的影响。我们进一步检验了是否可以用捕食者特有的五个特征来解释木材蟋蟀活动的变化：狩猎模式、共性、昼夜活动、捕食者-猎物体型比以及捕食者-猎物生命阶段的差异。蟋蟀被单独记录(1)在单独的场地中，无论有没有蜘蛛线索，以分析覆盖有线索的滤纸上的流动性与没有蜘蛛线索的滤纸上的正常流动性的变化；以及(2)在部分覆盖着蜘蛛线索的细分场地中，蟋蟀可以在有线索区域和无线索区域之间进行选择，以分析蟋蟀能够避开线索时停留时间和活动能力的差异。在蜘蛛提示的存在下，蟋蟀的机动性要么增加了，要么减少了。在线索和对照在不同场地的实验中，行为变化的幅度随着捕食者-猎物体型比的增加而显著增加。当蟋蟀可以在蜘蛛线索和对照之间进行选择时，在来自普通蜘蛛物种的线索存在时，它们的流动性显著高于来自稀有蜘蛛的线索。因此，我们得出结论，木蟋蟀区分来自不同捕食者物种的线索，蜘蛛无意中释放特定物种的线索组成和大小依赖的线索数量，这导致了木材蟋蟀不同的反捕食行为。
Predators unintentionally release chemical and other cues into their environment that can be used by prey to assess predator presence. Prey organisms can therefore perform specific antipredator behavior to reduce predation risk, which can strongly shape the outcome of trophic interactions. In contrast to aquatic systems, studies on cue-driven antipredator behavior in terrestrial arthropods cover only few species to date. Here, we investigated occurrence and strength of antipredator behavior of the wood cricket Nemobius sylvestris toward cues of 14 syntopic spider species that are potential predators of wood crickets. We used two different behavioral arena experiments to investigate the influence of predator cues on wood cricket mobility. We further tested whether changes in wood cricket mobility can be explained by five predator-specific traits: hunting mode, commonness, diurnal activity, predator-prey body-size ratio, and predator-prey life stage differences. Crickets were singly recorded (1) in separate arenas, either in presence or absence of spider cues, to analyze changes in mobility on filter paper covered with cues compared with normal mobility on filter paper without cues; and (2) in subdivided arenas partly covered with spider cues, where the crickets could choose between cue-bearing and cue-less areas to analyze differences in residence time and mobility when crickets are able to avoid cues. Crickets either increased or reduced their mobility in the presence of spider cues. In the experiments with cues and controls in separate arenas, the magnitude of behavioral change increased significantly with increasing predator-prey body size ratio. When crickets could choose between spider cues and control, their mobility was significantly higher in the presence of cues from common spider species than from rare spiders. We therefore conclude that wood crickets distinguish between cues from different predator species and that spiders unintentionally release a species-specific composition and size-dependent quantity of cues, which lead to distinct antipredator behavior in wood crickets.