EPIDEMICS AND REVOLUTIONS - CHOLERA IN 19TH-CENTURY EUROPE
EPIDEMICS AND REVOLUTIONS - CHOLERA IN 19TH-CENTURY EUROPE
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DOI：
10.1093/past/120.1.123
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发表时间：
1988-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
EVANS, RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
EVANS, RJ
最近有人声称，海地杜瓦利埃政权的垮台是由艾滋病引发的第一场革命。1982年7月，《纽约时报》报道，这种致命的疾病不仅影响了同性恋者，而且在海地也是地方病，原因似乎令人恐惧地模糊。随后对这一发现的宣传确保了前往海地的美国游客数量从1981-2002年冬季的7万人下降到下一个季节的区区1万人，在接下来的三年里，情况还会更糟。旅游业是这个贫穷的海地国家的第二大收入来源，旅游业的崩溃引发了一场经济危机，随之而来的是日益加剧的镇压带来的日益加剧的动荡，并以终身总统被赶下台而告终。1986.1年初，让-克洛德·杜瓦利埃(Jean-Claude Duvalier)(当时传闻自己患有艾滋病)并不是第一种被认为是推翻政权的流行病。在他对疾病对人类历史影响的全景调查中，威廉·H·麦克尼尔提出了一系列微生物在过去摧毁或改变国家结构的方式的例子，从罗马帝国到前哥伦布印加和阿兹特克人，这些国家的文明被摧毁的与其说是科尔特斯和皮萨罗等领导人领导下的一小撮征服者，不如说是美洲新发现的疾病，因此它们的影响是毁灭性的，西班牙人带来了这些疾病。2正如越来越多的历史学家认识到的那样，流行病在现代欧洲历史上也发挥了重要作用。鼠疫、天花和类似疾病的流行只是断断续续地在社会上肆虐；但当它们发生时，往往是自然灾害的全部力量，在很短的时间内在一个或多个地理有限的地区造成大量人死亡。
The fall of the Duvalier regime in Haiti, it has recently been claimed, is the first revolution to have been caused by AIDS. In July 1982 the New York Times reported that the killer disease not only affected gays but was endemic, for reasons that seemed frighteningly obscure, in Haiti as well. The publicity subsequently accorded to this revelation ensured that the number of American tourists visiting Haiti fell from seventy thousand in the winter of 1981-2 to a mere ten thousand the following season, with worse to come in the subsequent three years. Tourism was the second-biggest source of income for the impoverished Haitian state, and the collapse of the industry sparked off an economic crisis with mounting unrest met by growing repression, and ending with the ousting of the president-for-life," Baby Doc" Jean-Claude Duvalier (himself by this time rumoured to be suffering from AIDS) early in 1986.1 AIDS is not the first epidemic disease to have been credited with overthrowing a regime. In Plagues and Peoples, his panoramic survey of the impact of disease on human history, William H. McNeill has put forward a whole range of examples of the ways in which micro-organisms have destroyed or transformed state structures in the past, from the Roman empire to the pre-Columbian Incas and Aztecs, whose civilization was destroyed not so much by the small bands of conquistadores under leaders such as Cortez and Pizarro as by the diseases, new to the Americas and therefore devastating in their impact, which the Spaniards brought with them. 2As a growing number of historians have recognized, epidemics have played an important role in modern European history as well. Epidemics of plague, smallpox and similar diseases only visited their afflictions on society intermittently; but when they did, it was often with all the force of a natural disaster, killing large numbers of people in a geographically limited area or areas in a very short space of time.