Diversity of melanin synthesis genes in insects
Diversity of melanin synthesis genes in insects
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DOI：
10.1016/bs.aiip.2022.03.003
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发表时间：
2022-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Osanai-Futahashi, Mizuko
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文献类型：
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作者：
Futahashi, Ryo;Koshikawa, Shigeyuki;Osanai-Futahashi, Mizuko
黑色素是酪氨酸衍生的色素，在动物、植物和真菌中普遍存在。黑色素通常与黑色和棕色色素沉着有关，提供多种生物功能，如模仿，伪装，体温调节和紫外线防护。在脊椎动物中，人们对黑色素的合成途径进行了广泛的研究，但有趣的是，昆虫和脊椎动物的黑色素色素种类和参与黑色素生物合成的基因明显不同。多巴胺黑色素是各种昆虫体内的主要黑色素。在昆虫中，大多数黑色素合成基因高度保守，但黄家族基因和aaNAT家族基因在不同昆虫类群中表现出多样性。本文综述了参与昆虫表皮色素沉着的8个黑色素合成基因：酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）、多巴脱羧酶（DDC）、天冬氨酸1-脱羧酶（ADC，黑色）、n - β -丙酰多巴胺合成酶（NBADS，黑）、n - β -丙酰多巴胺水解酶（NBADH，棕褐色）、芳香烷基胺n -乙酰转移酶（aaNAT）、多铜氧化酶2 （MCO2，漆酶2）和黄。对于每个基因，我们基于6种代表性昆虫——果蝇果蝇（双翅目）、家蚕家蚕（鳞翅目）、凤尾蝶（鳞翅目）、红粉甲虫Tribolium castaneum（鞘翅目）、蜜蜂Apis mellifera（膜翅目）和蓝尾豆娘Ischnura senegalensis （Odonata）——的氨基酸序列绘制了分子系统发育树，突出了昆虫中黑色素合成基因的多样性。我们还介绍了目前的知识黑色素合成基因，有助于颜色图案的形成在各种昆虫。
Melanins are tyrosine-derived pigments that are ubiquitous in animals, plants, and fungi. Melanins are often associated with black and brown pigmentation, which provide a variety of biological functions, such as mimicry, camouflage, thermoregulation, and UV protection. The synthetic pathway of melanin pigments has been extensively studied in vertebrates, but interestingly, it has become clear that the kinds of melanin pigments and genes involved in melanin biosynthesis differ significantly between insects and vertebrates. Dopamine melanin is the major melanin pigment in various insects. In insects, most of the melanin synthesis genes are highly conserved, but the yellow family genes and aaNAT family genes exhibit diversity in gene repertoire among diverse insect taxa. In this review, we introduce eight melanin synthesis genes involved in insect epidermal pigmentation: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase (DDC), aspartate 1-decarboxylase (ADC, black), N-beta-alanyldopamine synthase (NBADS, ebony), N-beta-alanyldopamine hydrolase (NBADH, tan), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT), multicopper oxidase 2 (MCO2, laccase2), and yellow. For each gene, we show the molecular phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences of six representative insects, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus (Lepidoptera), the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera), the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera), and the blue-tailed damselfly Ischnura senegalensis (Odonata), which highlights the diversity of melanin synthesis genes among insects. We also introduce the current knowledge of the melanin synthesis gene that contribute to colour pattern formation in various insects.