The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom:: an illustrated guide to the dynamics of Aplysia neuronal growth in cell culture
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom:: an illustrated guide to the dynamics of Aplysia neuronal growth in cell culture
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icl042
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发表时间：
2006-12-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Moroz, Leonid L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lovell, Peter;Moroz, Leonid L.
海洋软体动物，加州海兔是细胞和系统神经科学中一个强大的实验模型。泛蓝神经元大，有颜色，位于神经节表面。正因为如此，许多神经元可以很容易地根据它们的生理特性、突触连接和行为角色来识别。简单的网络可以在细胞培养中重建，并在神经元生长、突触发生、学习和记忆机制的细胞和分子生物学研究中广泛应用。在这里，我们展示了澳大利亚神经元可以形成真正巨大的生长锥，直径可达630亩，使它们成为动物王国中报道过的最大的生长锥。其次，使用延时视频显微镜，我们表征了3种已确定的细胞类型（机械感觉神经元、L7运动神经元和调节性MCC神经元）的神经元生长动力学，代表了3种主要的神经元功能类别。我们显示了细胞特异性和神经突特异性的生长特征和不规则的生长振荡速率，范围从20到100 μ m/h。第三，我们描述了轴切术诱导的神经突生长的动力学以及β -微管蛋白mRNA在神经元过程受限区域（包括生长锥和变异）的胞外定位。胞外定位的mrna可能是一个重要的神经元转录本库，支持生长锥的半自主行为和在不同的和遥远的神经元室中局部合成蛋白质。将所报道的数据与已有的lynaea和Helisoma神经元以及脊椎动物制剂的文献进行了比较。最后，我们的观察结果可以为细胞培养中神经元和神经胶质的复杂行为以及它们对各种营养因子的依赖和对神经元损伤的反应提供一个说明指南。
The marine mollusc, Aplysia californica is a powerful experimental model in cellular and systems neuroscience. Aplysia neurons are large, colored, and located at the ganglionic surface. Because of this, many neurons can be easily identified in terms of their physiological properties, synaptic connections, and behavioral roles. Simple networks can be reconstructed in cell culture and have been widely useful for cellular and molecular biological studies of neuronal growth, synaptogenesis, and learning and memory mechanisms. Here, we show that Aplysia neurons can form truly gigantic growth cones reaching up to 630 mu m in diameter making them the largest growth cones ever reported in the animal kingdom. Second, using time-lapse video microscopy we have characterized the dynamics of neuronal outgrowth for 3 identified cell types (mechanosensory neurons, L7 motoneurons, and modulatory MCC neurons) representing 3 major functional classes of neurons. We show both cell-specific and neurite-specific growth characteristics and an irregular oscillatory rate of outgrowth ranging from 20 to 100 mu m/h. Third, we characterized the dynamics of axotomy-induced neurite outgrowth as well as extrasomatic localization of beta-tubulin mRNA in restricted regions of neuronal processes including growth cones and varicosities. The extrasomatically located mRNAs can be an important pool of neuronal transcripts supporting semiautonomous behavior of growth cones and localized synthesis of proteins in distinct and distant neuronal compartments. The reported data are compared with the existing literature from Lymnaea and Helisoma neurons as well as vertebrate preparations. Finally, our observations can provide an illustrated guide to complex behavior of neurons and glia in cell culture as well as their dependence upon various trophic factors and responses to neuronal injury.