A Manual For Wildlife Radio Tagging
A Manual For Wildlife Radio Tagging
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野生动物无线电标记手册
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Marzluff
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Marzluff
简单地找到你的实验动物通常是研究中最难的部分，也是最重要的部分。随着时间的推移，确定已知个体的位置是大多数动物学野外研究的核心。没有它，就不可能收集关于物种密度、个体生存、空间利用或资源选择的信息- -这些是基本了解物种生物学和为处于危险中的物种设计保护战略的重要概念。虽然现场工作人员可以使用许多工具来实现这一目的，但无线电遥测技术是最有效的工具之一，因为它可以在最小干扰的情况下远程监测和定位动物。无线电遥测技术的进步通常是由新技术推动的，包括用于改进数据收集的硬件突破和用于更复杂分析的新计算技术。通过原始文献跟上这些进展是一项艰巨的任务，动物学家应该感谢两本优秀的新书，它们回顾和更新了无线电遥测领域，填补了十年来的空白。野生动物无线电标记手册，第二版（这里我称之为MWRT）在描述“如何”方面具有优势，而无线电跟踪和动物种群（我称之为RTAP）更多地针对无线电跟踪的“为什么”（即，可以用数据做什么）。然而，这种划分并不是绝对的，因为MWRT总结了分析空间使用和人口统计的遥测数据的回顾章节，而RTAP则有关于实验设计和最新技术进展的良好回顾章节。这两本书都从野生动物遥测领域的深刻历史开始，并以设备供应商和文献引用的冗长列表结束。MWRT还提供了术语表。显然，这两本书的作者都试图挽救过去设计糟糕的遥测项目，因为适当的实验设计和误差估计是两本书开头的主要主题。通过在标题中包含世界“手册”，MWRT明确表明其主要目的，即教授无线电跟踪的材料和方法。Kenward达到了一个很好的中间地带——不像我们在日常生活中遇到的大多数“手册”——用简单的语言写作，但仍然包括理解该领域所需的大量技术细节。这些细节旨在解决第一次跟踪者可能遇到的一连串问题，以及经验丰富的现场工作人员拓展新技术时可能遇到的问题。他对可用硬件的机制以及如何在各种项目中最好地使用硬件进行了出色的评论(例如，我可以使用多少权重的标签？会持续多久？信号能传播多远？我应该使用什么天线设计？哪些生理参数可以远程测量？)。所涵盖的方法包括大多数野生生物学家熟悉的基本三角测量和归巢方法，以及更具体的技术，如空中遥测，GPS项圈，非传统标签附件。除了技术问题，Kenward还解决了一些实验设计的关键问题(例如，我需要多少发射机？我应该多久收集一次数据？如何报告错误？等等)。看到他对材料和方法的回顾中提到的特定品牌，以及对预算权衡的考虑，特别是与小型项目相关，这令人耳目一新。与MWRT相比，RTAP更关注无线电跟踪的“原因”。我们可以用这些数据做什么？关于被追踪的动物，我们能了解到什么？实际上，没有深入到不同物种的生物学，这本书回顾了无线电跟踪数据分析的选项，并介绍了一些有前途的新想法。许多人将无线电跟踪等同于对家庭范围的研究，RTAP对家庭范围测量进行了很好的回顾，使这个研究充分的主题得到了应有的重视。但是原始的面积估计只是一个开始，这本编辑过的书继续描述运动路径分析的选项和更详细的资源选择评估。遥测不仅仅是关于动物的位置，两本书的最后章节都是关于使用无线电标签来估计种群大小和动物存活率的。无线电追踪者总是在寻找下一个大事件，无论是技术上的还是分析上的，RTAP提供了一些年轻且未来发展成熟的领域的早期一瞥，包括更综合的GIS分析，分形分析，遥测生理学，数字编码标签，以及资源使用和行为的详细建模（或“高科技行为生态学”）。两本书都有关于自动遥测系统的潜力和陷阱的章节，提供了以前的尝试的评论，并为未来的努力提出建议。这两本书是野生动物遥测方法的急需更新，并赢得了我的推荐。任何考虑进行新的遥测研究的人都应该咨询MWRT，以了解方法选择。即使是已建立的遥测研究小组也会发现它是一个有用的参考资料，因为没有其他来源如此详细地涵盖了这个广泛的领域。正如两本书所指出的那样，在收集数据之前，应该在研究的早期就计划具体的分析，而RTAP是进行此计划的优秀资源。虽然这里描述的大多数分析都发表在主要文献中，但将所有选项放在一起讨论将使这本书成为一本受欢迎的书。考虑到这两卷书的互补性，以及它们令人讨厌的高价格，如果爱思唯尔（这两个出版品牌的所有者）能以折让的价格将它们放在一起，那就太好了。罗兰·凯斯纽约州立哺乳动物博物馆馆长
Simply finding your study animal is often the hardest part of research, and the most important. Locating a known individual over time is at the very core of most zoological field research. Without it, it would be impossible to collect information on species density, individual survival, space use or resource selection – vital concepts for the basic understanding of the biology of a species, and for the design of conservation strategies for those at risk. While there are many tools field workers can use for this purpose, radio-telemetry is one of the most effective because it allows for the remote monitoring and locating of animals with minimal disturbance. Advances in radio-telemetry are typically driven by new technologies, including hardware breakthroughs for improved data collection and new computing technology for more sophisticated analyses. Keeping up with these advances through the primary literature is a difficult task, and zoologists should be thankful for two excellent new books that review and update the field of radio-telemetry, filling a decade-old gap. A manual for wildlife radio tagging, 2nd edition (which here I call MWRT) has its strength in describing the ‘How’, while Radio tracking and animal populations (which I call RTAP) is aimed more at the ‘Why’ of radio tracking (i.e., what can be done with the data). This split is not absolute, however, since MWRT concludes with review chapters on analyzing telemetry data for space use and demographics, and RTAP has good review chapters on experimental design and recent technological advances. Both books start with insightful histories of the field of wildlife telemetry, and conclude with lengthy lists of equipment suppliers and literature cited. MWRT also provides a glossary of terms. Clearly, the authors of both books have tried to salvage poorly designed telemetry projects in the past because proper experimental design and error estimation are major themes at the beginning of both books. By including the world ‘manual’ in the title, MWRT leaves no doubt about its main purpose, which is to teach the materials and methods of radio tracking. Kenward has reached a nice middle ground – unlike most ‘manuals’ we encounter in daily life – by writing in plain language, yet still including the abundant technical details needed to understand the field. These details are aimed at addressing the litany of questions expected from first-time trackers, as well as those from experienced field workers branching out to new techniques. He has excellent reviews of the mechanics of the hardware available and how it is best used in the field for various projects (e.g., What weight of tag can I use? How long will it last? How far will the signal travel? What antenna design should I use? What physiological parameters can be measured remotely?). The methodology covered includes the basic triangulation and homing methods familiar to most wildlife biologists, as well as more specific techniques such as aerial telemetry, GPS collars, non-traditional tag attachment. Beyond technological issues, Kenward addresses some of the crucial sticking points for proper experimental design (e.g., How many transmitters do I need? How often should I collect data? How do I report error? etc.). It is refreshing to see specific name brands mentioned in his review of materials and methods, and to see a consideration of budgetary tradeoffs that will be especially relevant to smaller projects. In contrast to MWRT, RTAP focuses more on the ‘why’ of radio tracking. What can be done with the data? What can we learn about the animals being tracked? Without actually going too deeply into the biology of different species, this book reviews the options for analysis of radio tracking data, and introduces a number of promising new ideas. Many people equate radio tracking with the study of home ranges, and RTAP gives this well-studied topic its due with a nice review of home-range measures. But raw area estimates are just the start, and this edited book continues to describe options for the analysis of movement paths and more detailed evaluation of resource selection. Telemetry is not just about the location of an animal, and both books conclude with chapters on using radio tags to estimate population sizes and animal survival. Radio-trackers are always looking for the next big thing, be it technological or analytical, and RTAP offers a few early glimpses of fields that are young and still ripe for future development, including more integrated GIS analyses, fractal analysis, telemetric physiology, digitally coded tags, and detailed modelling of resource use and behaviour (or ‘high-tech behavioural ecology’). Both books have sections on the potential and pitfalls of automated telemetry systems, offering reviews of previous attempts, and suggestions for future efforts. These two books are much-needed updates on wildlife telemetry methods, and have earned my recommendation. Anyone contemplating a new telemetry study should consult MWRT to get an idea of the methodological options. Even established telemetry research groups will find it a useful reference, as no other source covers this broad field in as much detail. As pointed out by both books, specific analyses should be planned early on in a study, before data are collected, and RTAP is an excellent resource for this planning. While most of the analyses described here are published in the primary literature, having all the options discussed together in one volume will make this a popular book. Given the complementary nature of the two volumes, and their annoyingly high price, it would be nice to see Elsevier (the owner of both publishing imprints) offer them together at a discounted price. Roland Kays Curator of Mammals New York State Museum