Rethinking our approach to multiple stressor studies in marine environments
Rethinking our approach to multiple stressor studies in marine environments
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DOI：
10.3354/meps11595
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发表时间：
2016-02-03
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Hancock, Eric R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Griffen, Blaine D.;Belgrad, Benjamin A.;Hancock, Eric R.
海洋系统经历着人类造成的前所未有的压力。在过去的25年里，越来越多的注意力已经被给予检查多种压力的综合影响。然而，现有的研究揭示了一些模式，有利于预测或理解时，多种压力应该结合联合收割机相加，协同，或拮抗。造成这种缺乏明确性的一个因素可能是缺乏一个共同的框架，该框架是基于对压力源影响的机械理解。我们适应并倡导美国环保署在陆地系统中使用的一般框架，用于海洋系统。该框架包括3个步骤：（1）机械地检查多种压力对个体生物的影响。(2)将这些对个体生物体的影响扩展到对多种压力源的群体水平反应。(3)检查由于社区或生态系统属性的变化而引起的压力源反应的上下文相关变化。我们还认为，以前的研究的3个具体方面阻碍了我们的能力，以检测多种压力影响的模式。首先，大量研究报告了对生长、存活等的影响，没有阐明机制。其次，大多数研究提供的数据不足以确定是否发生阈值或非线性反应的压力。第三，32%的现有研究转换了数据以满足模型假设，但在这样做的过程中，他们在不知不觉中改变了正在测试的统计模型。我们认为，纠正这3个条件将加速检测模式的方式，多种压力联合收割机影响海洋系统。
Marine systems experience an unprecedented number of stresses caused by humans. Over the last 25 yr an increasing amount of attention has been given to examining the combined impacts of multiple stressors. Yet, existing studies reveal few patterns that facilitate predicting or understanding when multiple stressors should combine additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. One contributing factor to this lack of clarity may be the lack of a common framework that is based on a mechanistic understanding of stressor impacts. We adapt and advocate a general framework that is employed by the US EPA in terrestrial systems for use in marine systems. This framework involves 3 steps: (1) Mechanistically examine the impacts of multiple stressors on individual organisms. (2) Scale these impacts on individual organisms to population level responses to multiple stressors. (3) Examine context-dependent changes in stressor responses due to changes in community or ecosystem properties. We also argue that 3 specific aspects of previous studies hamper our ability to detect patterns in multiple stressor impact. First, a large number of studies have reported impacts on growth, survival, etc., without elucidating mechanisms. Second, the majority of studies provide insufficient data to determine whether threshold or nonlinear responses to stressors occur. Third, 32% of existing studies transformed data to meet model assumptions, but in so doing, they unknowingly altered the statistical model being tested. We argue that rectifying these 3 conditions will accelerate the detection of patterns in the way that multiple stressors combine to influence marine systems.