Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: Analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample
Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: Analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample
复制标题
DOI：
10.2307/3455032
复制
发表时间：
2001-06-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Sexton, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adgate, JL;Barr, DB;Sexton, K
明尼苏达州儿童农药暴露研究是对102名3-13岁儿童进行的基于概率的样本，他们被监测了常用的农药。在1997年夏天，对88%的研究儿童采集了第一次晨尿样本（每名儿童1-3份），并分析了杀虫剂和除草剂的代谢物：氨基甲酸酯和相关化合物（1-NAP）、阿特拉津（Ah？）马拉硫磷（MDA）和毒死蜱及其相关化合物（TCPy）。TCPy存在于93%的样品中，而1-NAP、MDA和AM分别在45%、37%和2%的样品中检测到。测量的儿童内平均值范围从MDA的1.4 μ g/L到TCPy的9.2 μ g/L，并且存在相当大的儿童内变异性。对于提供三个尿液样本的儿童，98%的样本的几何平均TCPy水平大于检测限，近一半的儿童的几何平均1-NAP和MDA水平大于检测限。1-NAP（p = 0.0037）和TCPy（p < 0.0001）的儿童间变异性显著大于儿童内变异性。尿液样本中测量的四种代谢物不相关，儿童的代谢物水平不会因性别、年龄、种族、家庭收入或假定的家庭农药使用而系统性变化。在对数尺度上，城市儿童的平均TCPy水平显著高于非城市儿童（7.2 vs. 4.7 mug/L; p = 0.036）。1-NAP的加权群体平均浓度为3.9 [标准误（SE）= 0.7; 95%置信区间（CI），2.5，5.3] mug/L，MDA为1.7（SE = 0.3; 95% CI，1.1，2.3）mug/L，TCPy为9.6（SE = 0.9; 95% CI，7.8，11）mug/L。加权人口结果估计了抽样普查区84 000多名儿童代谢物水平的总体平均值和变异性。1-NAP的水平低于报告的成人参考范围浓度，而TCPy浓度显著较高。MDA的浓度检测更频繁，发现在儿童比在最近的非概率为基础的样本的成人在更高的水平。总体而言，明尼苏达州儿童的TCPy和MDA水平高于最近在美国成人人群为基础的研究，但成人和儿童的个体内变异的相对幅度是相似的。
The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study is a probability-based sample of 102 children 3-13 years old who were monitored for commonly used pesticides. During the summer of 1997, first-morning-void urine samples (1-3 per child) were obtained for 88% of study children and analyzed for metabolites of insecticides and herbicides: carbamates and related compounds (1-NAP), atrazine (Ah?), malathion (MDA), and chlorpyrifos and related compounds (TCPy). TCPy was present in 93% of the samples, whereas 1-NAP, MDA, and AM were detected in 45%, 37%, and 2% of samples, respectively. Measured intrachild means ranged from 1.4 mug/L for MDA to 9.2 mug/L for TCPy, and there was considerable intrachild variability. For children providing three urine samples, geometric mean TCPy levels were greater than the detection limit in 98% of the samples, and nearly half the children had geometric mean 1-NAP and MDA levels greater than the detection limit. Interchild variability was significantly greater than intrachild variability for 1-NAP (p = 0.0037) and TCPy (p < 0.0001). The four metabolites measured were not correlated within urine samples, and children's metabolite levels did not vary systematically by sex, age, race, household income, or putative household pesticide use. On a log scale, mean TCPy levels were significantly higher in urban than in nonurban children (7.2 vs. 4.7 mug/L; p = 0.036). Weighted population mean concentrations were 3.9 [standard error (SE) = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5, 5.3] mug/L for 1-NAP, 1.7 (SE = 0.3; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.3) mug/L for MDA, and 9.6 (SE = 0.9; 95% CI, 7.8, 11) mug/L for TCPy. The weighted population results estimate the overall mean and variability of metabolite levels for more than 84,000 children in the census tracts sampled. Levels of 1-NAP were lower than reported adult reference range concentrations, whereas TCPy concentrations were substantially higher. Concentrations of MDA were detected more frequently and found at higher levels in children than in a recent nonprobability-based sample of adults. Overall, Minnesota children's TCPy and MDA levels were higher than in recent population-based studies of adults in the United States, but the relative magnitude of intraindividual variability was similar for adults and children.