Review: Toward an integrated evolutionary understanding of the mammalian placenta
Review: Toward an integrated evolutionary understanding of the mammalian placenta
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DOI：
10.1016/j.placenta.2011.01.005
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Wildman, D. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wildman, D. E.
胎盘对于妊娠的成功至关重要。胎盘功能超出正常范围的破坏可能会导致妊娠失败和其他并发症。哺乳动物的胎盘解剖结构差异很大，怀孕的关键参数也有很大差异，例如新生儿体重、妊娠时长和每次怀孕的后代数量。准确理解哺乳动物胎盘的进化至少需要整合解剖、发育、生理、遗传和表观遗传数据。目前可用的数据表明，胎盘是一个动态器官，以谱系特定的方式快速进化。从人类进化的角度对胎盘进行检查表明，人类胎盘的许多解剖特征是相对保守的。尽管人类胎盘在解剖学上受到保护，但仍有许多最近进化的胎盘特异性基因（例如 CGB、LGALS13、GH2）对人类胎盘的发育和功能非常重要。其他哺乳动物基因组也进化出了一套特定的胎盘表达基因。例如，啮齿动物经历了组织蛋白酶和催乳素家族的扩展，而偶蹄类动物则扩展了与妊娠相关的糖蛋白组。除了基因家族成员的谱系特异性出生和死亡之外，物种间印记基因座的模式也有很大差异。总而言之，这些研究表明，依赖于从系统发育多样化的物种中采集胎盘表达和印记基因样本的策略适合于揭示胎盘生物学的保守和衍生方面。 (C) 2011 年由 IFPA 和 Elsevier Ltd 出版。
The placenta is fundamentally important for the success of pregnancy. Disruptions outside the normal range for placental function can result in pregnancy failure and other complications. The anatomy of the placenta varies greatly across mammals, as do key parameters in pregnancy such as neonatal body mass, length of gestation and number of offspring per pregnancy. An accurate understanding of the evolution of the mammalian placenta will require at minimum the integration of anatomical, developmental, physiological, genetic, and epigenetic data. Currently available data suggest that the placenta is a dynamic organ that has evolved rapidly in a lineage specific manner. Examination of the placenta from the perspective of human evolution shows that many anatomical features of the human placenta are relatively conserved. Despite the anatomical conservation of the human placenta there are many recently evolved placenta-specific genes (e.g. CGB, LGALS13, GH2) that are important in the development and function of the human placenta. Other mammalian genomes have also evolved specific suites of placenta-expressed genes. For example, rodents have undergone expansions of the cathepsin and prolactin families, and artiodactyls have expanded their suite of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. In addition to lineage specific birth and death of gene family members, the pattern of imprinted loci varies greatly among species. Taken together, these studies suggest that a strategy reliant upon the sampling of placentally expressed and imprinted genes from a phylogenetically diverse range of species is appropriate for unraveling the conserved and derived aspects of placental biology. (C) 2011 Published by IFPA and Elsevier Ltd.