Patterns of Privilege: Citizenship Rights in Britain
Patterns of Privilege: Citizenship Rights in Britain
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特权模式：英国的公民权利
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Z. Layton‐Henry
中科院分区：
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作者：
Z. Layton‐Henry
在英国非共和传统中，公民身份涉及各种特权、义务和义务，这些特权、义务和义务定义了一个人作为社会充分参与成员的地位。这些特权包括投票权、参选权、担任公职的资格以及社会福利和公共住房的权利。义务包括效忠国王的义务，也许更好地定义为对国家的忠诚，尽管有些人仍然对此提出异议，1遵守法律、纳税和服兵役，特别是在国家紧急状态时。在普通法传统中，不存在公民权利的概念。达米特和尼科尔认为，1606 年的加尔文案将忠诚度降低为被动服从，并断言这种服从既来自臣民，也来自居住的外国人。因此，臣民地位不会产生任何权利，但会产生永久义务。2投票权是一种公民特权，可以被议会取消，这一观点可以在工党政府 1977 年的绿皮书中看到，其中公开将投票权列为公民特权。3即使是像 1688 年《权利宣言》这样有影响力的宪法文件，它限制了君主的权力并确立了议会的至高无上地位，也是一部议会法规，并未得到巩固，例如，在成文宪法中。因此，议会可以对其进行修改。
In the English non-Republican tradition citizenship concerns the various privileges, duties and obligations that define one’s place as a fully participant member of society. These privileges include voting rights, the ability to stand for election, eligibility for appointment to public office and entitlements to social welfare benefits and public housing. Obligations include the duty of allegiance to the Crown, perhaps better defined as loyalty to the state, though some would still dispute this,1 obeying the laws, paying taxes and performing military service, especially in times of national emergency. In the Common Law tradition the notion of citizens’ rights is absent. Dummett and Nicol argue that the Calvin case in 1606 reduced allegiance to passive obedience and asserted that this obedience was due both from subjects and resident aliens. Thus no rights arose from subject status but permanent obligations did.2 The view that voting rights are a civic privilege which could be removed by Parliament can be seen in the Labour Government’s Green Paper of 1977 where they are openly listed under civic privileges.3 Even such an influential constitutional document as the Declaration of Rights, 1688, which limited the powers of the Monarch and established the supremacy of Parliament, was a Parliamentary Statute and was not entrenched, for example, in a written constitution. It could therefore be amended by Parliament.