Macrosystems as metacoupled human and natural systems
Macrosystems as metacoupled human and natural systems
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/fee.2289
复制
发表时间：
2021-02
影响因子：
10.3
通讯作者：
Flavia Tromboni;Jianguo Liu;Emanuele Ziaco;D. Breshears;Kim‐Ly Thompson;W. Dodds;K. Dahlin;E. LaRue;J. Thorp;A. Viña;M. Laguë;Alain Maasri;Hongbo Yang;S. Chandra;S. Fei
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Flavia Tromboni;Jianguo Liu;Emanuele Ziaco;D. Breshears;Kim‐Ly Thompson;W. Dodds;K. Dahlin;E. LaRue;J. Thorp;A. Viña;M. Laguë;Alain Maasri;Hongbo Yang;S. Chandra;S. Fei
早在1942年，生态系统就被描述为由定向能量通量耦合的多个隔间（Lindeman 1942）。生态系统作为具有相互关联和相互作用的组成部分的空间实体的概念由于几个生态子领域的工作而得到了发展-特别是20世纪80年代的景观生态学（Urban et al. 1987）和最近的宏观系统生物学（Hongnan et al. 2014）。宏观系统生物学侧重于从区域到大陆尺度上发生的生态过程，并强调遥相关（即连接地理上遥远区域的现象），宏观反馈（即放大或缩小的大尺度反馈）和跨尺度相互作用（即一个时间或空间尺度上影响另一个的现象）作为基本特征（Havelnan等人2014）。此外，由于人类活动的普遍影响，宏观系统本质上是相互关联的复杂人类-自然系统（Liu et al. 2015 a）。人类活动正在影响生态过程运行的时空尺度（Rose et al. 2017）。在空间上，人类活动可以导致过程扩大（例如由于植被覆盖减少而导致的更大的沙尘暴）或收缩（例如人为的河流渠化）。从时间的角度来看，一些过程加速（例如海平面上升的速度），而另一些过程则减慢（例如由于土地利用变化而导致的森林组成的持续变化）（Rose等人，2017）。这种新颖的时空组合可以导致新的生态过程的缩放规则，有时可以改变系统的弹性，通过推动它接近阈值，超过该阈值，系统就不能再保持其基本属性（即临界点; Scheffer et al. 2001; Peters et al. 2004）。很少有研究明确地将本地和远程相互作用，反馈和社会生态动态纳入宏观系统生物学（如Hobelman et al. 2014; Rose et al. 2017;但请参见Liu 2017）。因此，宏观系统的研究往往主要集中在系统，在密切接近或系统的专门长距离遥相关，如那些宏观系统作为元耦合人类和自然系统
A early as 1942, ecosystems were depicted as multiple compartments coupled by directional fluxes of energy (Lindeman 1942). The concept of ecosystems as spatial entities with interrelated and interacting components has since been advanced as a result of work in several ecological subfields – notably landscape ecology in the 1980s (Urban et al. 1987) and more recently macrosystems biology (Heffernan et al. 2014). Macrosystems biology focuses on ecological processes occurring at scales ranging from regional to continental, and emphasizes teleconnections (ie phenomena that link geographically distant regions), macroscale feedbacks (ie amplified or diminished broad-scale feedbacks), and crossscale interactions (ie phenomena at one temporal or spatial scale influencing another) as fundamental characteristics (Heffernan et al. 2014). In addition, because of the ubiquitous influence of human activities, macrosystems are inherently interconnected, complex human–natural systems (Liu et al. 2015a). Human activities are influencing the spatiotemporal scales at which ecological processes operate (Rose et al. 2017). Spatially, human activities can induce processes to expand (eg larger dust storms due to reduced vegetation cover) or contract (eg anthropogenic channelization of rivers). From a temporal perspective, some processes accelerate (eg rates of sea-level rise) while others slow (eg persisting alterations in forest composition due to land-use change) (Rose et al. 2017). Such novel spatiotemporal combinations can result in new scaling rules for ecological processes, and can at times alter a system’s resilience by pushing it closer to a threshold beyond which the system can no longer retain its essential properties (ie a tipping point; Scheffer et al. 2001; Peters et al. 2004). Few studies have explicitly incorporated both local and distant interactions, feedbacks, and socioecological dynamics into macrosystems biology (as highlighted by Hefferman et al. 2014; Rose et al. 2017; but see Liu 2017). As a result, macrosystems research has tended to focus primarily on systems that are in close proximity or systems with exclusively long-distance teleconnections, such as those Macrosystems as metacoupled human and natural systems