On Maxwell's displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators
On Maxwell's displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators
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DOI：
10.1016/j.mattod.2016.12.001
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发表时间：
2017-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
24.2
通讯作者：
Wang, Zhong Lin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wang, Zhong Lin
自供电系统是一种在没有外部电源的情况下可持续运行的系统，用于传感、检测、数据处理和数据传输。纳米发电机最早是基于压电效应和摩擦带电效应，将微小的机械能转化为电能，用于自供电系统，在物联网、环境/基础设施监测、医疗科学和安全等领域有应用。本文从麦克斯韦方程出发，介绍了纳米发电机的基本理论。在麦克斯韦位移电流中，第一项epsilon(0)偏导数E/偏导数t产生了电磁波，它是无线通信、雷达以及后来的信息技术的基础。我们的研究表明，麦克斯韦位移电流中的第二项偏导数P/偏导数t与纳米发电机的输出电流直接相关，这意味着我们的纳米发电机是麦克斯韦位移电流在能源和传感器中的应用。相比之下，电磁发电机是基于洛伦兹力驱动的自由电子在导体中流动的基础上建造的。本研究比较了压电式纳米发电机与摩擦电纳米发电机以及经典电磁发电机的异同，从而对纳米发电机的影响和独特性有了更清晰的认识。我们还介绍了纳米发电机的三个主要应用：微/纳米电源、自供电传感器和蓝色能源。
Self-powered system is a system that can sustainably operate without an external power supply for sensing, detection, data processing and data transmission. Nanogenerators were first developed for self-powered systems based on piezoelectric effect and triboelectrification effect for converting tiny mechanical energy into electricity, which have applications in internet of things, environmental/infrastructural monitoring, medical science and security. In this paper, we present the fundamental theory of the nanogenerators starting from the Maxwell equations. In the Maxwell's displacement current, the first term epsilon(0) partial derivative E/partial derivative t gives the birth of electromagnetic wave, which is the foundation of wireless communication, radar and later the information technology. Our study indicates that the second term partial derivative P/partial derivative t in the Maxwell's displacement current is directly related to the output electric current of the nanogenerator, meaning that our nanogenerators are the applications of Maxwell's displacement current in energy and sensors. By contrast, electromagnetic generators are built based on Lorentz force driven flow of free electrons in a conductor. This study presents the similarity and differences between pieozoelectric nanogenerator and triboelectric nanogenerator, as well as the classical electromagnetic generator, so that the impact and uniqueness of the nanogenerators can be clearly understood. We also present the three major applications of nanogenerators as micro/nano-power source, self-powered sensors and blue energy.