Local Management of Mangrove Forests in the Philippines: Successful Conservation or Efficient Resource Exploitation?
Local Management of Mangrove Forests in the Philippines: Successful Conservation or Efficient Resource Exploitation?
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菲律宾红树林的本地管理：成功的保护还是有效的资源开发？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. B. Walters
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. B. Walters
最近的环境“叙述”表明，当地人民是森林资源的有效管理者。特别是当地恢复和管理红树林，现在被广泛提倡作为实现经济和环境保护目标的解决办法。本文介绍了对菲律宾两个沿海地区的研究结果，这两个地区在以社区为基础的红树林重新造林和管理方面享有盛誉，并经常被展示为成功案例。这些案例特别有趣，因为在政府和非政府组织开始推广这些活动之前，这两个地区的当地植树和管理就已经出现了。这些管理系统是一项成功的经济创新，因为种植的红树林保护房屋和鱼塘堤坝免受波浪和风力的破坏，通过集约化的种植园管理，高价值建筑木材的生产大大提高。红树林种植园是一种有效的替代办法，可以取代采伐未种植的天然红树林，其推广可能会减少对现有森林的采伐压力。然而，红树林种植园在结构和组成上与未种植的森林有很大不同，这一发现特别令人关切，因为这种种植园越来越多地侵占和取代天然森林。此外，种植者通常不认为人造林具有环境保护价值，常常砍伐和清除人造林，以腾出空间用于其他用途，特别是养鱼和居住。因此，认为这些地方红树林管理系统在保护方面是成功的建议需要加以限制。
Recent environmental “narratives” suggest that local people are effective stewards of forest resources. Local restoration and management of mangrove forests, in particular, are now widely advocated as a solution to achieve both economic and environmental conservation goals. This paper presents findings from a study of 2 coastal sites in the Philippines that are renowned and often showcased as success stories in community-based, mangrove reforestation and management. These cases are especially intriguing because local tree planting and management emerged in both areas long before governments and nongovernment organizations began to promote such activities. These management systems are a successful economic innovation in that planted mangroves protect homes and fish pond dykes from wave and wind damage, and the production of high-value construction wood is dramatically enhanced through intensive plantation management. Mangrove plantations are an efficient alternative to harvesting from unplanted, natural mangroves and their spread may reduce harvesting pressures on existing forests. However, mangrove plantations are structurally and compositionaly very different from unplanted forests, a finding of particular concern given that such plantations are increasingly encroaching into and replacing natural forests. Furthermore, planted forests are not typically viewed by planters in terms of their environmental conservation values and are frequently cut and cleared to make space for alternative uses, especially fish farming and residential settlement. The suggestion that these local mangrove management systems are successful for conservation thus needs to be qualified.