Altitudinal and Climatic Adaptation Is Mediated by Flowering Traits and FRI, FLC, and PHYC Genes in Arabidopsis
Altitudinal and Climatic Adaptation Is Mediated by Flowering Traits and FRI, FLC, and PHYC Genes in Arabidopsis
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DOI：
10.1104/pp.111.183426
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发表时间：
2011-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Alonso-Blanco, Carlos
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mendez-Vigo, Belen;Xavier Pico, F.;Alonso-Blanco, Carlos
在许多一年生植物中，包括模式野生物种拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana），开花开始的时间已经描述了广泛的自然变化，这被认为是参与适应不同的气候。然而，可能形成这种遗传变异的环境因素，以及通过改变开花时间来适应气候的分子基础，仍然是未知的。为了实现这两个目标，我们的特点是开花行为的春化的182拟南芥野生基因型收集在一个原生地区跨越广泛的气候范围。表型环境关联分析确定了强烈的海拔梯度（0-2600米）在7个开花相关的性状。海拔梯度的最低冬季温度和降水量进行了解剖，表明这些是主要的气候因素，可能会作为选择压力的开花性状。此外，我们使用了关联分析方法与四个候选基因，FRIGIDA（FRI），FLC，PHYTOCHROME C（PHYC）和PHYTOCHROME 2，破译这种变化的遗传基础。11个不同的低频率的功能丧失FRI等位基因占大多数性状的变异高达16%。此外，一个FLC等位基因系列的6个新的推定的损失和改变功能的等位基因，低到中等的频率，揭示了一个更广泛的FLC功能多样化可能有助于开花的变化。最后，环境基因型关联分析表明，FRI，FLC和PHYC多态性的空间格局显着相关的冬季温度和春季和冬季降水量，分别。这些结果支持这些基因的等位变异参与气候适应。
Extensive natural variation has been described for the timing of flowering initiation in many annual plants, including the model wild species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is presumed to be involved in adaptation to different climates. However, the environmental factors that might shape this genetic variation, as well as the molecular bases of climatic adaptation by modifications of flowering time, remain mostly unknown. To approach both goals, we characterized the flowering behavior in relation to vernalization of 182 Arabidopsis wild genotypes collected in a native region spanning a broad climatic range. Phenotype-environment association analyses identified strong altitudinal clines (0-2600 m) in seven out of nine flowering-related traits. Altitudinal clines were dissected in terms of minimum winter temperature and precipitation, indicating that these are the main climatic factors that might act as selective pressures on flowering traits. In addition, we used an association analysis approach with four candidate genes, FRIGIDA (FRI), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC), and CRYPTOCHROME2, to decipher the genetic bases of this variation. Eleven different loss-of-function FRI alleles of low frequency accounted for up to 16% of the variation for most traits. Furthermore, an FLC allelic series of six novel putative loss-and change-of-function alleles, with low to moderate frequency, revealed that a broader FLC functional diversification might contribute to flowering variation. Finally, environment-genotype association analyses showed that the spatial patterns of FRI, FLC, and PHYC polymorphisms are significantly associated with winter temperatures and spring and winter precipitations, respectively. These results support that allelic variation in these genes is involved in climatic adaptation.