Smoking, cereal consumption, and supplementation affect cadmium content in breast milk
Smoking, cereal consumption, and supplementation affect cadmium content in breast milk
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jes.7500518
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Lischka, Andreas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gundacker, Claudia;Pietschnig, Beate;Lischka, Andreas
母乳可能是镉（Cd）等潜在有毒金属的来源。本研究的目的是提供有关奥地利环境中母亲生活方式对母乳中镉浓度影响的数据。从124名奥地利妇女获得母乳。每位参与者提供10毫升牛奶。第二组8位母亲被招募来调查她们产后1、3、5、7和9周牛奶中镉含量的变化。研究参与者填写了一份关于营养、补充剂和吸烟习惯的问卷。采用原子吸收分光光度计（AAS）对样品进行分析。母乳中镉的平均含量是欧洲最低的（0.08 +/- 670.085 μ g/l, 95% CI: 0.07-0.10; n = 124）。研究发现，母乳中镉含量的增加与频繁食用谷物和吸烟有显著关系。吸烟者的浓度是不吸烟者的两倍（0.15 vs 0.07 mg/l; P = 0.000）。相比之下，母乳中的低镉水平与摄入含有微量元素或维生素和微量元素的补充剂有关（P < 0.05）。这种补充剂对镉水平的保护作用仅在不吸烟者中观察到。目前调查中所记录的Cd水平远低于临界水平。我们的结论是，奥地利目前的母亲镉水平表明，健康母亲的母乳喂养婴儿没有风险。进一步的研究必须集中于补充和吸烟对镉浓度的具体影响。
Breast milk might be a source of potentially toxic metals such as cadmium ( Cd). The purpose of the present study is to provide data pertaining to the influence of maternal lifestyles on Cd concentrations in breast milk in the Austrian setting. Breast milk was obtained from 124 Austrian women. Each participant provided 10 ml of milk. A second group of eight mothers were recruited to investigate changes in their milk cadmium levels at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks post partum. The study participants filled a questionnaire concerning nutrition, supplementation, and smoking habits. The samples were analyzed using GF-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean Cd content in breast milk was among the lowest in Europe (0.08 +/- 670.085 mu g/l, 95% CI: 0.07-0.10; n = 124). Increased Cd levels in breast milk were found to be significantly associated with frequent cereal consumption and smoking. Smokers had a two-fold higher concentration than did non-smokers (0.15 versus 0.07 mg/l; P = 0.000). In contrast, low Cd levels in breast milk were associated with the intake of supplements containing trace elements or vitamins and trace elements ( P < 0.05). This protective effect of supplements on Cd levels was only observed in non-smokers. The Cd levels registered in the present investigation were far below critical levels. We conclude that the current maternal Cd levels in Austria signify no risk for the breastfed infant of a healthy mother. Further research will have to focus on the specific effects of supplementation and smoking on Cd concentrations.