The Meiji Ishin (‘Meiji Restoration’) and Kaikoku
The Meiji Ishin (‘Meiji Restoration’) and Kaikoku
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明治维新（“明治维新”）和凯国
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
Tadashi Karube
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作者：
Tadashi Karube
1特别论坛报道014明治维新是日本历史上最重要的事件之一。在最近的日本研究中，明治维新被称为“明治革命”。虽然皇室从德川时代幸存下来，也没有像20世纪共产主义革命那样拆除个人财产，但简单地将新明治政府实施的改革解释为“政治变革”是不够的。1868年至1890年，世袭等级制度被废除，官僚统治和立法机构建立起来，建立了基于成文宪法的法律的制度，个人土地所有权被引入，经济转向资本主义。事实上，许多明治知识分子，如福泽谕吉和竹越与三郎，将这些变化称为“kakumei”，意思是“革命”。然而，熟悉的英语对应词不是“明治革命”，而是“明治维新”，尽管“恢复”主要意味着君主制的恢复，因此不能表示“ishin”（改革）或“kakumei”（革命）所表达的巨大变化。为什么“restoration”一词在英语中成为一个常见的对等词？1868年政权更迭后，新政府立即向六国大使传达了明治天皇的主权信息，要求建立外交关系。这篇文章的标题是“宣布恢复帝国统治的主权信息”。在此，新政府通过宣布它推翻了德川的明治维新（“明治维新”）和海国，
1 Special Forum report 014 The Meiji Ishin is one of the most significant events in the history of Japan. In recent Japanese Studies, this Meiji Ishin has been referred to as the ‘Meiji Revolution.’ Although the Imperial House has survived from the Tokugawa era and there was no dismantling of personal property as seen during twentieth-century communist revolutions, it is inadequate to simply explain the reforms instituted by the new Meiji government as ‘political change.’ Between 1868 and 1890, the hereditary rank system was dissolved, rule by bureaucracy and legislature was established, a legal system based on a written constitution was set up, the right of personal land ownership was brought in, and the economy switched to capitalism. Indeed, there were many Meiji intellectuals, such as Fukuzawa Yukichi and Takekoshi Yosaburo, who referred to the changes as ‘kakumei,’ which means ‘revolution.’ Yet, the familiar English equivalent is not the ‘Meiji Revolution’ but the ‘Meiji Restoration,’ even though ‘restoration’ primarily means the restoration of a monarchy and hence cannot indicate the huge change expressed by ‘ishin’ (reformation) or ‘kakumei’ (revolution). Why has ‘restoration’ become a common English equivalent? Right after the change of government in 1868, the new government transmitted a sovereign message from the Meiji Emperor to the ambassadors of six countries to establish diplomatic relations. This was titled ‘A Sovereign Message to Proclaim of the Return of Imperial Rule.’ Herein, the new government set out its legitimacy by declaring that it had overthrown the Tokugawa The Meiji Ishin (‘Meiji Restoration’) and Kaikoku