Effects of institutional changes on land use: agricultural land abandonment during the transition from state-command to market-driven economies in post-Soviet Eastern Europe
Effects of institutional changes on land use: agricultural land abandonment during the transition from state-command to market-driven economies in post-Soviet Eastern Europe
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024021
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发表时间：
2012-06
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
A. Prishchepov;V. Radeloff;Matthias Baumann;T. Kuemmerle;D. Müller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Prishchepov;V. Radeloff;Matthias Baumann;T. Kuemmerle;D. Müller
制度设置在塑造土地覆盖和土地利用方面发挥着关键作用。我们的目标是了解社会主义崩溃后东欧和前苏联不同国家的制度变迁对农地撂荒的影响。我们研究了横跨波兰、白俄罗斯、拉脱维亚、立陶宛和俄罗斯欧洲部分的一个农业生态区内的约 273 800 平方公里（8 个陆地卫星足迹）。以 1990 年（社会主义结束后）和 2000 年（社会主义结束十年后）为中心的多季节 Landsat TM/ETM + 卫星图像，利用支持向量机对农业土地撂荒进行分类。结果显示各国之间的放弃率存在显着差异。拉脱维亚的土地废弃率最高（1990 年所有农业用地的 42% 到 2000 年被废弃），其次是俄罗斯（31%）、立陶宛（28%）、波兰（14%）和白俄罗斯（13%）。跨境比较揭示了显着差异；例如，在白俄罗斯-俄罗斯跨境地区，两国的遗弃率存在很大差异（10%和47%的遗弃率）。我们的研究结果强调了制度和政策对土地利用轨迹的重要性，并表明转型期间强有力的制度变革的截然不同的组合可以降低农业土地的废弃率（例如，在白俄罗斯和波兰）。相反，我们的结果表明，对于土地使用监管机构发生变化且机构建立时间较长的国家（例如拉脱维亚、立陶宛和俄罗斯），废弃率较高。更好地了解这种大规模变化的影响对于理解土地利用变化和设计有效的土地利用政策至关重要。这一信息与欧亚大陆北部尤其相关，那里快速的土地利用变化为碳平衡和生物多样性以及增加以前耕地的农业生产提供了巨大的机会。
Institutional settings play a key role in shaping land cover and land use. Our goal was to understand the effects of institutional changes on agricultural land abandonment in different countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union after the collapse of socialism. We studied ∼273 800 km2 (eight Landsat footprints) within one agro-ecological zone stretching across Poland, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania and European Russia. Multi-seasonal Landsat TM/ETM + satellite images centered on 1990 (the end of socialism) and 2000 (one decade after the end of socialism) were used to classify agricultural land abandonment using support vector machines. The results revealed marked differences in the abandonment rates between countries. The highest rates of land abandonment were observed in Latvia (42% of all agricultural land in 1990 was abandoned by 2000), followed by Russia (31%), Lithuania (28%), Poland (14%) and Belarus (13%). Cross-border comparisons revealed striking differences; for example, in the Belarus–Russia cross-border area there was a great difference between the rates of abandonment of the two countries (10% versus 47% of abandonment). Our results highlight the importance of institutions and policies for land-use trajectories and demonstrate that radically different combinations of institutional change of strong institutions during the transition can reduce the rate of agricultural land abandonment (e.g., in Belarus and in Poland). Inversely, our results demonstrate higher abandonment rates for countries where the institutions that regulate land use changed and where the institutions took more time to establish (e.g., Latvia, Lithuania and Russia). Better knowledge regarding the effects of such broad-scale change is essential for understanding land-use change and for designing effective land-use policies. This information is particularly relevant for Northern Eurasia, where rapid land-use change offers vast opportunities for carbon balance and biodiversity, and for increasing agricultural production on previously cultivated lands.